Volume 24 - 2022

Plastic waste is harmful to the environment due to its long-term decomposition process. Plastic waste is made out of hydrocarbon polymers, its chain bonds do not naturally decompose physically, chemically, or biologically. The plastic waste generated in Indonesia reaches up to 175,000 tons per day, in the long term effect this will cause environmental problems when not managed properly. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a plastic waste pyrolysis reactor with a zeolite catalyst as an appropriate technology in producing kerosene. The samples are plastic bottles waste from the Cimahi campus’ area. The results of kerosene production from the first, second, and third treatment were 122 ml, 137 ml, and 160 ml respectively. Based on ANOVA bivariate test, a p-value of 0.00 was obtained, meaning there was a significant average difference in the amount of kerosene produced between each treatment. Based on The LSD Post-Hoc Test, the significance value of the mean between each group was 0.000 (p <0.05), meaning there was a significant difference in the average amount of kerosene produced between every treatment group, most significant difference is within the third treatment by 35.67.

Flooding events are the most devastating natural disasters that Malaysia had experienced these recent years. It has become a challenge for the government and society to mitigate the flood events that occurs naturally, especially when climate change had worsened the situation. This study focuses on changes of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature in Penang. With the fast growth rate of resident population and its economic status, obtaining the suitable and viable future climate scenario is crucial and significant to enhancing the flood forecasting capabilities in the Penang Island. The dataset obtained from CanESM2 GCM was used to generate the regionalized rainfall and temperature data based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment report (AR5) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) of 4.5 and 8.5 W/m2 emission scenario. The downscaling period (2005–2100) for maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) and rainfall time were developed using the statistical downscaling technique. For reliability analysis, the model outputs were analysed with Probability Density Function (PDF), Linear Regression and Pearson Correction Test. Based on the reliability analysis outcomes, the possible causes for acknowledging that the Penang Island could follow the high emission scenario RCP 8.5. This indicates that the average monthly rainfall and temperature of Penang Island may increase consequential of the regional climate change, resulting from an increasing population, the industrial development and ever-escalating transportation needs.

The field of optics is flourishing day by day on account of the wide usage of the internet and its associated technologies. Free Space Optics (FSO) is a data transmission technique that employs light propagation to send data. This technology is effective in those circumstances where fiber optic cables cannot be deployed. This paper provides a model and simulation of the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based FSO network under different environmental conditions, such as modulation types and data rates. Also, investigation of the impact of Multiple Access Interference (MAI) on FSO under design parameters has been done. The designed system performance is analyzed under the multiuser optical wireless network by changing data rates and modulation types. The proposed model's security is achieved through the use of the FBG encoder/decoder and the FSO channel for transmission. It has been inferred that the CRZ modulation type provides the best BER and Q factor compared to other formats, and a data rate as high as 1Gbps can be achieved using the CRZ modulation format. It has been noticed that as the number of users grows, the BER value begins to deteriorate.

This research discusses the prediction that “within the framework of the principles of sustainable development; in regions deemed suitable for ecotourism activities, spatial planning is required, which includes a ‘spatial sensitivity’, ‘participatory understanding’ and ‘holistic use’”. Within the framework of the hypothesis developed; a new method approach was developed for Kofçaz/Kırklareli sample, located in northwest Turkey, that could be incorporated into future ecotourism policies and plans with ECOS and AHP Method, which can be adapted to the space on a micro-basin basis. During the inventory phase of the study and determination of the current situation, a database was created in the GIS environment on the basis of 145 micro-basins determined by the philosophy of the basin and sub-basin of the data on natural and cultural landscape elements. 6 basic criteria, 23 evaluation factors and 73 sub-evaluation criteria were determined with ECOS method developed in the light of RRA Technique and literature findings to be applied in the field. To determine the priority values and ranking of the main and lower criteria, weight scores related to evaluation criteria were determined from 12 individuals via the AHP technique. Conformity values and conformity coefficients for the specified basic and sub-criteria were analyzed at 145 micro basin levels and thematic maps were created. With overlay analysis, synthesis pad was created, appropriate areas for ecotourism were determined, and ecotourism management strategies focused on rural development were developed. These results can be integrated into basin-scale spatial planning that stands out both nationally and internationally.