Issue 6

Toxicity poses a significant threat to the environment and human health. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc, have been shown to harm both agricultural ecosystems and human health. This paper aims to examine the effects of these heavy metals on the environment and human health, as well as discuss the problem of heavy metal deposition in soils. Additionally, the paper utilizes IoT and an SVM classifier to examine human disorders caused by heavy metal exposure. The reflectance spectra of soil samples were used to assess levels of heavy metals using an artificial intelligence algorithm. Arsenic, copper, lead, and cadmium concentrations were estimated using this method. Additionally, an artificial neural network and Naive Bayes model were developed to estimate heavy metal concentrations. The ANN model had R2 values of 0.82, 0.80, 0.76, and 0.70 for copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead, respectively, while the training data had R2 values of 0.70, 0.56, 0.62, and 0.59 for the same estimations.

Earth is consisting of land, air and water. Air contains oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, other gases are present above the permissible limit, and it creates effects on human health. It is one of the most important public health issues due to development of urbanization, industrialization and globalization in large cities. Air pollution levels in developed countries have been increased in recent years. In developing countries air pollution levels are still high. In recent years, the health studies have become visible showing harmful health effects in lungs and respirable system. Air pollution is responsible for 7million deaths annually. It affects the health of humans and other living beings in our world. The government has developed the guidelines for air quality and rule to restrict emissions in effort to control air pollution. These updated AQGs provide exact guidelines for PM 10 and pm 2.5. The primary objective of this paper is to study the ambient air quality and its impact on lungs. Particulate matters are the particles suspended in air/atmosphere. Mainly PM10and PM 2.5Ultra fine particles (<1µm) are mainly responsible for causing interruption for human health.PM10 and PM2.5 are characterized by their presence only within the upper respiratory tract. Some PM 2.5 and Ultra fine particles are characterized by their presence deeper regions of alveoli. Ultrafine particles (PM0.1), which are present in the air in large numbers, pose a health risk. They generally enter the body through the lungs but translocation to essential organs. Compared to fine particles (PM2.5) ,they cause more pulmonary inflammation and are retained longer in the lung. Their toxicity is increased with smaller size, larger surface area, adsorbed surface material, and the physical characteristics of the particles. Exposure to PM0.1 induces cough and worsens asthma. Metal fume fever is a systemic disease of lung inflammation most likely caused by PM0.1. The disease is manifested by systemic symptoms hours after severe exposure to PM0.1 could cause systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation changes that predispose individuals to cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

A green synthesis using a simple precipitation method produced zinc oxide (ZnO), leaf extractions of zinc oxide as Aerva lanata (Al-ZnO) and Millettia pinnata (Mp-ZnO), copper-doped Al-CZnO and Mp-CZnO nanoparticles (NAPs). They were characterized for their functional group, structural, antibacterial, and luminescence properties. The grown NAPs were examined by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and antibacterial activity. The XRD analysis confirms that all NAPs have a hexagonal structure and no impurity phases other than Cu. In consequence of this, Cu ion has been successfully incorporated into the standard ZnO structure. The calculated crystalline size through the XRD pattern of pure ZnO, Al-ZnO, Mp-ZnO, Al-CZnO, and Mp-CZnO NAPs and the average grain size were 81.37, 52.08, 63.24, 37.54, and 30.71 nm, respectively. The optical absorption spectra show that adding Cu reduces the band gap. FTIR is used to assess the functional group and chemical interaction of leaf extraction and Cu-doped ZnO at various peaks. In addition, its functional groups are observed to correspond to the ZnO bands in all the samples. The microstructure analysis of SEM confirms that all the NAPs are agglomerated by adding the dopant, which turns into a particle-like structure. The antibacterial activity of the NAPs against Escherichia coli was measured using the agar well diffusion technique, and the optimum zone of inhibition (ZOI) was found to be 21 mm. Overall, the obtained results revealed that the Mp-CZnO NAPs is a novel and efficient bacterial pathogens present in the aqueous medium. Hence, it is a good representation for future biomedical applications.

Cryptomelane type manganese oxide K-OMS-2 and Ni-Ce-OMS-2 co-doping materials were synthesized by one-step preparation with refluxing system. The crystalline structure, and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM images. Ni (II) and Ce (III) were incorporated into cryptomelane, substituted for Mn (III) and Mn (IV) resulting an increase of Mn-average-oxidation-state from 3.6 to 3.8 for un-doped and co-doped samples, respectively. With different amount of precursor-cerium concentration, NiCe1.0 improved the ethanol conversion by a factor of 8 compared to unmodified K-OMS-2. Additionally, NiCe1.0 showed a significant increase of ethanol conversion with reaction temperature. Over above 90% of ethanol was total oxidized at 150 C suggesting a potential Ni-Ce-OMS-2 catalyst for removing volatile organic compounds at low temperature.

Developing an efficient sorbent for removing the highly toxic Cr(VI) is very important, which tackles the threat of Cr(VI) pollution to ecological environment and human health. Herein, a cationic covalent organic framework bearing cationic guanidine (named TATGCl) was synthesized from terephthalaldehyde (TA) and triaminoguanidinium chloride (TGCl), and exploited to discard Cr(VI) from water. The Cr(VI) removal ability of TATGCl strongly relies on the aqueous pH, and is strong at low pH. The removing ability is obviously also affected by ionic strength. The Cr(VI) sorption process on TATGCl obeys pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. Batch adsorption experiments and characterization show that the guanidine group on the skeleton of TATGCl is pivotal in capturing Cr(VI) through hydrogen bonding and anion exchange/electrostatic interaction. A reduction mechanism also exists in the Cr(VI) disposal by a small amount of unreacted aldehyde group of TATGCl. The large removal ability makes TATGCl a prospective candidate for discarding Cr(VI) from water.

Tungsten (W) is an emerging contaminant because of its potential toxicity to humans, and biochar (BC) is widely used for soil heavy metal remediation. However, W-biochar-plant interactions remain unknown. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of rice-husk BC on W uptake by lettuce. Different levels of BC (0%, 1%, 2% and 5% w/w) were incorporated into the soil and incubated for 60 days. The result shows that BC application immobilized W in soil, and transformed acid extractable fraction and reducible fraction to residual fraction with unstudied mechanism. Meanwhile, BC application increased the shoot height, root length, biomass, and chlorophyll of lettuce compared with control treatment. As compared to control, the accumulation of W in shoot and root was decreased, and the lowest translocation factor (root to shoot) was observed in 5% BC treatment. The results suggested that the main profit of BC to reduce mobilizing of W to proximal water. Besides, the application of BC was effective in W immobilization and reducing uptake to lettuce.

Azo dye is a synthetic aromatic dye which are direct dye frequently used in textile industry to colour fibres. It also contributes to the damage of the environment. This study examines the adsorption biochar made from Annona reticulata to remove azo dye from textile wastewater. To improve the adsorption capacity, biochar valorized by chitosan molecules, Investigations were conducted on the use of chitosan-based materials that are acid-resistant for azo dye adsorption. In the batch experiment, basic operating parameters such as initial Azo dye concentrations, pH, contact time and bed height were assessed. The percentage removal efficiency for Azo dye was recorded as 67.18%, 75.88% and 94.37% for three dissimilar sized columns that were 6cm, 8cm, and 10cm. The UV–visible absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify the decolorization of dyes. The changed surface properties of the adsorbent produced from Annona reticulata were characterized by using SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The effectiveness of the column's adsorption was calculated mathematically by Yoon-Nelson, Thomas, and Adams-Bohart models. The model that best represents equilibrium isotherm data by adsorption had R2 values of 94.63, 86.67 and 96.35 respectively.

With an estimated volume of 162 thousand metric tonnes in 2020, India is the world's largest producer of tamarind. The country is home to a number of tamarind species, and production is spread out across the country. Farmers and agro-industries continue to encounter numerous challenges in the processing and disposal of waste created during tamarind harvesting and processing. However, because this agricultural waste is disposed of fast, it may pollute the ecosystem. As a result, this study focused on agricultural waste reuse for wastewater treatment, with tamarind seeds serving as the principal source for low-cost adsorbent (biochar) manufacture to remove harmful Co (II) ions rendered as an aqueous solution. Biochar is a form of charcoal produced by the pyrolysis of organic materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and animal manure. The surface characteristics of the synthesized biochar from tamarind seeds were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDAX. Tamarind seeds-based biochar (TSB) achieves maximal Co (II) ion adsorption at 9 pH, 50 °C, 90 min contact period, and 0.14 g/L adsorbent dosage. The Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetics are the best-fitting isotherms and models for Co(II) ion adsorption using TSB. The maximal monolayer adsorption capacity (qm) of tamarind seeds-based biochar was determined by an adsorption isotherm analysis of 343.5 mg/g for Co (II) ions. Thermodynamic parameters successfully indicate that the current Co (II) ion adsorption utilizing TSB is possible, spontaneous, and endothermic. As a result, the adsorption investigation demonstrates that generated TSB has improved surface characteristics and capacity to remove Co (II) ions from wastewater effectively.

This goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new coagulant extract from pumpkin seeds (PSC) for removing turbidity and organic compounds from different natural surface waters. Two design experiment methods, namely central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize PSC for removal of turbidity and organic matter via the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of surface water. The CCD results indicated that more than 74.7% of COD and 94.4% of nephelometric turbidity unit (NTUs) were removed under optimized conditions (pH = 7.4; mPSC = 1.5 g/L; time: 88 min). They allowed for final effluent with significantly higher quality in terms of organic content and safe to Vibrio fischeri to be obtained