Global NEST Journal

ISSN:

Print ISSN: 1790-7632

Electronic ISSN: 2241-777X

Issue 3

Volume number:

Publication year:

2024

Publication month:

April

Number of publications: 30

Thematic

Water and wastewater
Solid waste management
Climate change and air pollution
Circular economy

Water and wastewater

A multiregressed COA-SAM model for predicting seasonal streamflow variability: A case study over Murray river basin
Muhammad Yousuf Tufail Saima Gul Syeda Sadia Zia, Linta Jabeen Sana Rasheed, Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005329
Paper Topic:
Environmental data analysis and modelling

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Streamflow of the Murray River (MR) was investigated from 1978 to 2017, using statistical analysis based on Indian Ocean modes of variability. During the cool season, June to August (JJA), observations and reanalysis products have been used to analyse the relation of streamflow of MR with Indian Ocean High (IOH) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) over South Australia (SA). Recently, the river has suffered from severe drought, whereas drought drivers differ significantly in terms of interannual and decadal timescales. As a defining feature of atmospheric general circulation, the IOH is quantitatively simulated in all global climate models. Variations in the streamflow of MR have been linked to the variability of intensity and positions of Indian Ocean high pressure (IOHP) meridionally and the impact of SAM across the Indian Ocean. It is found that the correlation of streamflow with IOHP is (r = -0.41), SAM (r = -0.52) and shows the strongest correlation with Indian Ocean High Longitude (IOHLN), which is -0.56. Moreover, SAM explains only 27% of streamflow variability, while IOHP and IOHLN indices calculated by the Center of Action (COA) approach explain 39% of the variation. This paper examines the decline of the inflow rate of MR in SA by applying the COA approach, Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Pearson correlation. We further investigate the impact of significant predictors over the flow of MR. Inflow rate of the hydrology of MR is influenced by the period of time, which shows a decreasing trend with -1.976 by applying autocorrelation. Overall, monthly and annual streamflows have also investigated a significant decreasing trend. Cross-correlation is also used to verify the relationship between streamflow and significant predictors of MR.
Efficiency of engineered/modified biochars-based adsorbents for removal of pollutants from aquatic environment: A critical review
Murtaza G. Ahmed Z. Usman M. Bawazeer S. Basuliman OA. Iqbal R. Rizwan M. Shoaib M. Ullah Z. Akram MI. Munir A. Ali I. , Pages:1-20

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005435
Paper Topic:
Soil and groundwater contamination and remediation

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Issue 3
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Abstract
Biochar shows substantial potential to contribute as a globally applicable adsorbent to decontaminate the water system due to the ample availability of feedstocks and valuable physio-chemical surface properties. This review aims to highlight the modification technologies of biochar, the alteration of characteristics after modification, and the eliminating of organic, inorganic, antibiotics and other pollutants from water systems by modified biochar. Alkali-acid modified and metal-loaded biochar possesses the superior surface functionality; these modifications are greatly favorable for improving the removal of different pollutants from water systems. Acidic- alkaline and metal treatment provides more diverse functional groups on biochar surfaces e.g. produces ample oxygenated functional groups, improve the surface attributes, generates high ratios of surface aromaticity and N/C, these changes provide the more adsorption sites and increase the removal of pollutants. This review also demonstrates the existing problems and future research direction related to modified biochars by acidic and alkaline agents as well as metal loaded composite in the remediation of the pollutants.
GC-MS characterization of Polygonatum geminiflorum depicted by antibacterial efficacy of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using its leaf extract
Ahmad M. Ali A. Ali MA. Farah MA. Ullah Z. Ali H. Sher H. Eldin SM. Zaman S. Ali I., Pages:1-8

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005495
Paper Topic:
Environmental Toxicology and Biogeochemistry of Ecosystems

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
The biological synthesis of nanomaterials is drawing immense interest because of their non-hazardous nature and enormous antimicrobial application. In the present study, we explored Polygonatum geminiflorum Decne for phytochemical profiling and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles to control soft rot/blackleg and bacterial wilt pathogens of potato through in vitro experiment. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of important secondary chemicals including tannins, glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids, while, gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) study of leaf extract showed the presence of 30 phytochemicals, the most prominent among which included ç-Sitosterol and n-Hexadecanoic acid. The GC–MS qualitative analysis also supported the presence of bioactive compounds responsible for metal reduction processes and synthesized nanoparticles stabilization. In vitro study showed that concentration of 100µg/mL of AgNPs and AgNPs-PE efficiently control both Erwinia carotovora and Ralstonia solanacearum. The outcomes have provided an improved protocol to use prepared AgNPs against the tested pathogens without health hazards.
Eco-Friendly Cost-Effective Formation of Copper Oxide Nanostructures and its Prodigious Potential for Environmental Remediation Applications
Arun Thangadurai A. Sreenivasan V.S. , Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005557
Paper Topic:
Ecology, environmental change and management

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Issue 3
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Abstract
The proliferation of environmental pollution, particularly from hazardous industrial dyes, poses a significant threat to ecosystems and aquatic life. This study uses extract from Nerium oleander leaves as a natural capping and reducing agent to produce copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), an ecologically acceptable way to tackle this problem. The CuO nanoparticles have improved physicochemical characteristics, as shown by their average crystalline size of 15.56 nm and decreased particle size of 31.84 nm. Additional studies such as SEM, EDX, TEM, and zeta potential were accomplished and revealed the spherical structure; an elevated negative zeta potential of -25.6 mV was observed on the surface property. The photodegradation efficacy of these bio-synthesized CuO NPs was assessed against various industrial dyes, including Rhodamine 6G, Malachite Green, Eosin Yellow, and Reactive Black. The results demonstrated exceptional degradation efficiencies, with rates of up to 97.48%, 99.54%, 89.73%, and 89.33% respectively. The decolorization of organic dyes presented a visual cue that the degradation process was progressing. Notably, using Nerium oleander leaves as reducing agents contributed to the nanoparticles' stability, making them suitable for repeated cycles of photocatalysis. This research underscores the potential of green synthesis methods and highlights the vital role of plant-based reducing agents in advancing environmentally friendly nanomaterials for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. The findings offer a promising pathway toward sustainable and eco-friendly solutions to mitigate the environmental impact of hazardous industrial dyes, fostering responsible industrial practices and preserving aquatic ecosystems.
Potential of the Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa‏(‏‎ Rhizobium Bacteria for Nitrate and ‎Phosphate Removal from the Sugarcane Industry Wastewater
GolabKesh S. Khoramnezhadian S. Rajabzadeh Ghatrami ‎E. ‎Rashno‎ M., Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005455
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
To conduct this experiment, rhizospheric bacteria were isolated from the root nodules of alfalfa ‎plants (Medicago sativa) in the Khuzestan province during the spring season. For the molecular ‎identification of superior isolates, DNA extraction and expression of 16S rDNA were performed. ‎To investigate nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-) removal, 120 mL vials were filled with 50 mL of ‎laboratory wastewater containing specified concentrations of nitrate (25, 50, 100, and 200 mgL-1) ‎and phosphate (5, 10, 20, and 30 mgL-1). The removal percentage was examined over 1, 2, and 3 ‎hours. Results revealed that three rhizobial bacteria, including Sinorhizobium meliloti (bacterium 3) ‎‎(Query ID= DQ-145546.1), Sinorhizobium medicae (bacterium 2) (Query ID= CP-000738.1), and ‎Sinorhizobium meliloti (bacterium 1) (Query ID= CP 021215.1), were isolated and identified. The ‎highest removal efficiency was recorded within 3 hours at 44.61%. With an increase in ‎concentration, the removal efficiency decreased, reaching its lowest value (14.82%) at 200 mg L-1 ‎compared to other concentrations (p < 0.05). Besides, the bacterial type or mixture did not ‎significantly affect the nitrate removal percentage (p>0.05). At a concentration of 25 mg L-1, the ‎highest removal percentage (63.08%) was measured in the presence of bacteria at 3 hours. ‎Furthermore, the highest phosphate removal percentage was obtained at 37.4% at 5%, within 3 ‎hours, and a mixture of 3 bacteria. Furthermore, the efficiency of the mixture of 3 bacteria was ‎higher compared to bacterium 2 (p<0.05). Besides bacteria 1 and 3 with a removal percentage of ‎‎16.23% were ranked higher (p > 0.05). At higher concentrations and increased time, the nitrate and ‎phosphate removal percentages exhibited a consistent and fluctuating trend, respectively (p > 0.05). ‎Ribosome bacteria performed better in nitrate removal compared to phosphate (p ‎‏>‏‎ 0.05). ‎Considering that wastewater from agricultural and industrial centers contains a mixture of ‎nitrogenous and phosphorous substances, it appears that the use of a consortium of these bacteria ‎with different characteristics and compatibilities enhances the efficiency of purification and removal ‎of these parameters.‎
Formaldehyde degradation using Biofilter loaded with Compost, Vermiculite and Activated Carbon: Performance and Optimization
Malathi R. Jeyanthi J., Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005622
Paper Topic:
Air Quality

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Formaldehyde is one of the typical indoor pollutants causing theprevalence of acute health issues among those residing in indoor environments. Biofiltrationis a commonly adopted technique to treat indoor air pollutants. In this investigation, a biofilter was fabricated and compactly filled with compost, vermiculite and activated carbon (65:25:10) as a media composition for enhanced formaldehyde degradation. The influence of formaldehyde inlet concentration (0.01 – 1 gm-3g/m3) and EBRT (30 – 180 s) was studied to evaluate the biofilter performance. Their progression was assessed with dynamic operations in five phases with two stages each. The formaldehyde removal was achieved between the range of 32% to 98% with regular intervals of EBRT at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 seconds, which depend upon varying their flow rate and inlet loading rate. The biofilter performance lasted for over 202 days with a 98% formaldehyde removal and 23 g/m3h-1biofilter capacity under the maximum EBRT (180 s) and inlet formaldehyde concentration (1 gm-3g/m3). The experimental findings demonstrated the efficacy of biofilter in withstanding substantial formaldehyde loading rate while maintaining an acceptable EBRT. The primary microbe responsible for formaldehyde degradation was identified to be as gram-negative bacteria.
Screening, Identification, and Optimization of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria from Post-coal Mining Ponds of Different Ages in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Kusumawati E. Retnaningdyah C. Mustafa I. Suharjono., Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005513
Paper Topic:
Water Quality

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Issue 3
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Abstract
This research was conducted to isolation, screening, identification, and culture conditions optimization (pH, temperature, thiosulfate concentration, and incubation period) of potential sulfur-oxidizing bacterial (SOB) to reduce sulfur concentrations in post-coal mining ponds water of various ages located in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The ponds used in this study were ponds < 5 years old and > 20 years old. The research obtained seventy-five bacteria isolates, among them nine isolates can increase the pH of thiosulfate broth media. Among the nine bacteria isolates, three isolates KT1.8, KT1.9, and KT1.13 have the highest potency to reduce sulfur concentration of media were 6%, 148%, and 101%. Based on the similarity of the 16S rDNA sequences, the KT1.8, KT1.9, and KT1.13 isolates were identified as Priestia qingshengii HLS-7 (98.9%), Sphingobacterium siyangensis DS48 (97.6%), and Pseudomonas putida CFBP 4966 (98.3%). The three potential SOB isolates grew better at pH 6 at 30° C temperature with the growth of KT1.8 = 146x1014 cell/mL; KT1.9 = 81x107 cell/mL; and KT1.13 = 33x107 cell/mL; decrease in sulfur concentration KT1.8 = 43.57%; KT1.9 = 43.57%; and KT1.13 = 42.48%. On media containing 10 mM and 20 mM thiosulfate on the sixth day of incubation, cell density isolates KT1.8 = 98x1012 cell/mL; KT1.9 = 25x107 cell/mL; and KT1.13 = 85x106 cell/mL; accompanied by a decrease in sulfur concentration of KT1.8 = 46.52%; KT1.9 = 40.40%; and KT1.13 = 43.71% were obtained. Those three bacteria isolate potential can be developed as bioremediation agents of post-coal mining pond water contaminated by sulfur.
The effect of oil pollution on community structure of benthic macro ‎invertebrates in the northwest of the Persian Gulf ‎ ‎(Case study: Jafari creek)‎
Heydari R . MohammadiRouzbahani M . Rajabzadeh Ghatrami E. Nabavi M. ‎B, Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005384
Paper Topic:
Water Quality

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Issue 3
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Abstract
This study evaluates the contamination levels of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in Jafari ‎Creek sediments and the effect of these pollutions on Macrobenthos in 2017. Studies to understand ‎the effect of heavy metal Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, Lead, Selenium, Zinc, Copper, and ‎Vanadium, and 16 hydrocarbon compounds, organic material, and soil texture on the population of ‎Jafari Creek Macrobenthos in five stations along the estuary and analyzed using standard ‎procedures. The 4 identified Macrobenthos included Bivalvia with 9 species, Gastropoda with 8 ‎species, Crustacea with 7 species, and Polychaeta with 6 species totaling Macrobenthos 3645.14 per ‎square meter. The dominant class was Polychaetes (53.9%), followed by Bivalvia (23.2%), ‎Gastropoda (9.93%), and Crustaceans (15.8%), with slightly different (P<0.05), were in the second ‎and third class. Among the studied metals, zinc, chromium, and nickel had the highest ‎concentration. Among the hydrocarbons, Anthracene at station 1, Fluorene at station 2, ‎Phenanthrene and Dibenzo [A, H] Anthracene at station 3, and Fluoranthene at station 4 with a ‎concentration between <0.01- 0.091 ppm had the highest value. The highest and lowest heavy metal ‎concentrations were measured at station 4 (215.54 ± 14.58 ppm) and station 1 (102.39 ± 24.15 ‎ppm), respectively. In return, stations 1 (0.339 ± 0.074 ppm) and 4 (0.196 ± 0.078 ppm) had the ‎highest and lowest concentration of hydrocarbons, respectively. Regarding the number of identified ‎Macrobenthos, stations 3 and 2, with 1738.64 and 333.28 n/m2 had the highest and lowest numbers, ‎respectively. The class of Crustacea had a positive correlation with zinc, copper, and lead metal and ‎a negative correlation with Selenium. Polychaeta was positively correlated with cadmium and ‎vanadium. Gastropoda had a negative correlation with vanadium and chromium, a positive ‎correlation with lead and hydrocarbons, and Bivalvia correlated negatively with lead and zinc and ‎had a correlation with vanadium. Considering that the areas around Jafari Creek are an industrial, ‎petrochemical, and economic region considered one of the important catchments in the province of ‎Khuzestan, the sediments, water, and animal tissues must be periodically the analysis of heavy ‎metals and oil hydrocarbons should be considered.‎
Photocatalytic Oxidation Process for Petroleum Wastewater Treatment and The Possibility of Using Tapered Bubble Column (TBC): A Review
Firdos M. Abdulla Z Y Shnain A A Alwasiti M F Abid N.H. Abdurahman, Pages:1-16

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005681
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
The photocatalytic oxidation of organic and petroleum wastewater treatment is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) with several benefits. It operates at normal temperatures and pressure, is inexpensive, does not produce secondary waste, and us easily accessible. Many studies have employed bubble columns, slurry bubble columns, and three-phase fluidized reactors in the photocatalytic process for wastewater treatment. Pure TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 are considered the most promising catalysts. The aim of this work was to review the literature on the photocatalytic process for organic pollutants and petroleum wastewater (produced water) treatment, with a special focus on pure TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 as well as to study the possibility of using a tapered bubble column reactor for this treatment. A circulating upflow tapered bubble column reactor with a light lamp at the center facilitates the separation of the gas-liquid-solid phases with no dead zone in the photocatalytic process.
Evaluation of Toxic Heavy Metal Concentration in Aquifer System for Groundwater System Development Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques
Akhtar N. Flafel H. M. Ezhani A. A. A. Giuma A. A. Febriana A. Wijaya D. Anees M. T. Hussain R. S. R. Ahmed S. , Pages:1-8

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005788
Paper Topic:
Water Quality

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Groundwater is a vital resource for human consumption. The study aimed to evaluate toxic metal concentrations in groundwater systems and determine pollutant sources using multivariate methods including cluster analysis (CA), principal factor analysis (PCA), and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO 2017) and Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS 2012) standards, indicating that Al concentration observed within prescribed values and other Cd, As, Zn, Pb, and Cu were less than the acceptable values, as well as the rest of Fe, Mn, and Ni levels in groundwater were mostly within acceptable values. The PCA results showed three factors (F1, F2, and F3) were responsible for the data structure, which was specified as 37.954%, 23.331%, and 16.132%, as well as total variance of dataset associated with 77.416%, respectively. Factor 1 showed strong positive loading (Cu, Pb, Zn), 2 (Al, Mn), and 3 (As, Ni), which demonstrated the contaminants source from natural and agricultural activities. Moreover, CA results revealed three clusters indicating low to high water pollution due to rock weathering and anthropogenic activities. Overall, results showed that 50% of groundwater samples were acceptable for potable and agricultural uses. Therefore, groundwater treatment is necessary before any use.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Lawsonia inermis for Enhanced Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment
Natrayan L, Jayakrishna M, Shanker K, Muthu G, Kaliappan S, Velmurugan G , Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005463
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
In response to the growing demand for eco-friendly and efficient catalysts in wastewater treatment, this study introduces a novel, biosynthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNP) using leaf extract from Lawsonia inermis, a widely available plant. We employed a unique concentration mixture of 0.015 mg/mL leaf extract and 2.0 mM silver nitrate to achieve optimal results under atmospheric conditions. Comprehensive characterization was conducted through X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. Remarkably, these Lawsonia inermis-synthesized AgNPs (LI-AgNPs) demonstrated superior catalytic degradation of organic pollutants, such as 4-nitrophenol, methylene blue, eosin yellow, and methyl orange. Among them, 4-nitrophenol was reduced most efficiently, following pseudo-first order kinetics. The LI-AgNPs exhibited unprecedented catalytic potential, evidenced by a sharp decline in methyl orange absorption and the emergence of a new hydrazine compound signal at 280 nm. With a catalytic loading as low as 0.2 mg/mL, we achieved an astounding 82.5% dye removal. This innovative approach advances the field of environmental remediation
Exploring the Effect of Salinity as a Primary Cause of Teratology in Freshwater Diatoms
Noune F. Chaib N. Metallaoui S. Kaddeche H. Dzizi S. Blanco S. , Pages:1-12

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005586
Paper Topic:
Water Quality

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Increased water conductivity levels have been proposed as a key factor to explain the occurrence of teratological forms in freshwater diatom assemblages. The current study aimed to carry out an experiment on a laboratory scale to assess the response of periphytic diatoms to artificially increased salinity levels. The obtained results show that: a) the proportion of aberrant cells increased in high conductivity treatments, b) developed teratologies were preserved in diatom populations even after being translocated to normal conditions, and c) the degree of valve outline deformation in the dominant species was proportional to the induced water conductivity. All these data support previous field observations that linked high electrolyte content and the abundance of aberrant cells among microalgal communities in continental aquatic ecosystems.

Solid waste management

Development of a novel green waste compost stability monitoring method using the CIELAB color model
Tsivas D. Vlisidi A. Vlysidis A., Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005448
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Compost stability is an essential parameter of composting. Recent studies have shown that the color of compost is influenced by the initial characteristics of the main organic substrates. In this study, the progression of CIELAB color variables and typical compost stability and maturity indices were monitored during composting of green waste (GW) with different characteristics from previous studies. Results showed that the color variables a*, b* and C* exhibited a constant downward trend and a strong correlation with composting time (R2 > 0.90). In addition, the color variables Δb* and ΔC* were found to be correlated with the humification of the compost, and in particular HA/FA with R2 values above 0.83. Δb* and ΔC* are not affected by the initial characteristics of the green waste. Therefore, they can be used to monitor the stability of GW compost, regardless of different composting parameters, such as windrow size, additional materials, conditions, initial properties, and waste treatment delays. Δb* and ΔC* values above 2.76 and 2.96, respectively, can be used as an indicator of an acceptable degree of GW humification. Color analysis is a quick and easy compost stability monitoring method, and it can complement standard stability physicochemical indices.
Pine cone ash stabilization of expansive soils
Abiodun A. A. Farah R. E. Nalbantoglu Z., Pages:1-8

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005378
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
The use of appropriate waste materials to stabilize problematic soils, such as expansive soils that are responsible for geotechnical damage, is a common practice in geotechnical engineering. This study presents the use of pulverized ash from the combustion of pine cone (PC) waste as a stabilizing agent to improve the engineering properties of expansive soils. A series of laboratory tests were carried out to examine the effect of different percentages of pine cone ash (PCA) content (3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) on the Atterberg limits, swelling potential (Sp), linear shrinkage, compressibility, and unconfined compressive strength (qu) of naturally occurring swelling soils and the PC ash-treated soils. The results showed that PC ash contents of 5% and 7% contributed to a significant reduction in the swelling and shrinkage potential and an improvement in the coarsest texture, brittleness behavior, compaction properties, and compressive strength of the treated soils. Conversely, PC ash contents below 3% and above 7% showed minimal changes in the index and engineering properties of the PC ash-treated soils. In particular, the PC ash content of 5% resulted in optimal mitigation of the poor properties of the treated soils. The use of pine cone ash as a stabilizing agent represents a suitable and complementary subgrade soil material for expansive soils on which lightweight structures are built.
Investigation of Zero Waste Management Behavior in Turkey
Bahar IKIZOGLU, Pages:1-11

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005623
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Population growth, industrialization and technological advances have significantly increased waste production, waste collection, transportation and disposal induced significant costs. Waste could be considered a resource that allows nations to reduce the consumption of primary raw materials, protect natural resources and improve economic revenues by reducing environmental pressures. Zero waste approach for sustainable waste management has been approved and implemented globally. The present study aimed to investigate the basic zero-waste management in Turkey. Thus a scale that included eight items was developed and validity and reliability of the scale were analyzed. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) was initially applied. Then, the fitness of the model was tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Cronbach's α (internal consistency coefficient) was calculated as 0.778. Chi-square test, RMSEA, GFI and CFI fit indices were employed in the first-order confirmatory factor analysis conducted on the whole sample. Chi-square was calculated as 1.310 in confirmatory factor analysis. Also, comparative and absolute fit indices were determined as follows: RMSEA=0.035, GFI=0.976, CFI=0.987, RMR=0.030. The analysis of the findings revealed that “Zero Waste Management Behavior” scale fit indices demonstrated excellent model fit for the findings. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between one-way ANOVA and T test results on participant statements based on gender, while there were significant differences between these variables based on age, education level and the region of residence.
A Deep Learning-Based Buffalo Optimizer based Squeeze and Excitation Network for Garbage Classification for a Sustainable Environment
Subhashini R R J Kavitha M. Sumithra G Jenilasree, , Pages:1-8

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005304
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
A Squeeze and Excitation Network is a deep-learning architectural component designed to enhance networks. The "squeeze" step reduces the spatial dimensions of the input feature maps, and the "excitation" step adaptively recalibrates channel-wise feature responses. This allows the network to focus on more educational features and ignore less useful ones. Garbage classification is a crucial task for sustainable environmental management. It involves categorizing waste into recyclables, organics, and non-recyclables, among other classes. Deep learning models, like the proposed Buffalo Optimizer-based SEN, can play a pivotal role in automating this classification process using computer vision techniques. Garbage Classification: There is still a long way to go until countries worldwide have successfully increased public awareness and implemented measures to prevent the rapid degradation of the natural environment. The annual global generation of e-waste is between 20 and 50 million growing components of municipal solid garbage. The disposal of electronic trash presents significant threats to environmental quality. As a result, pollution monitoring and control are crucial for maintaining a healthy ecosystem. In this research, picture-layered characteristics were extracted using an encoder composed of varying numbers of ResBlocks and the Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) block, which was built on top of the UNet backbone network. UNet's decoder structure was streamlined, and the number of network model parameters was cut in half. In the meantime, the multiscale feature fusion module was developed to enhance the network's detection accuracy by optimizing its parameters with a bespoke loss function in place of the standard function. The African Buffalo Optimisation Algorithm is also used to fine-tune the hyper-parameters.
Effect of zinc industrial waste on the mechanical and microstructural properties of the ternary blended concrete
Tarunkumar P. Elavenil S. , Pages:1-8

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005555
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
The rapid growth of infrastructure leads to industrial waste accumulation and natural resource depletion, raising the need for sustainable solutions. When zinc is refined, a significant amount of non-biodegradable material called jarosite (JS) is generated, requiring proper environmentally friendly disposal techniques. The present study investigates ternary blended of Portland cement with partial replacement of 20% ground granulated blast furnace slag and jarosite at (5 – 25%) as a binder material to develop a sustainable concrete mix. To comprehend the effectiveness of jarosite-GGBS blends in concrete experimental research is performed to investigate the mechanical properties of ternary blended concrete. Additionally, SEM and XRD analysis were used to observe the microstructure and chemical phases of the developed concrete. From the experimental investigations, it is perceived that the incorporation of jarosite-GGBS blended concrete provided an increase in strength properties for all the mix proportions. The microstructure study shows a decrease in voids and the formation of sufficient CSH gel, justifying improved mechanical properties. The maximum increase in compressive strength of 50.93% is observed for the 10% replacement of the level of jarosite in the concrete mix. The overall research findings provide insight into the functionality of GGBS and jarosite blended concrete and the potential of jarosite as a sustainable, reusable industrial waste material.
Permeability characteristics and mechanism of tungsten tailings treated by the acid solutions
Shanmei L Bingxiang L Weiyi H Kaiqin W Qixiang W Youlin Z , Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005135
Paper Topic:
Environmental Health

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Most of the tungsten tailings (TTs) are filled in the open. As a result, the phenomenon that acid rain influences the engineering geological characteristics of tungsten tailings is impossible to avoid, especially in southern China, where acid rain occurs frequently. This work studied the permeability properties of TTs treated with different acid solutions. The HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4 solutions were prepared as the permeate fluids with pH values of 7, 5, 4, and 3. The falling head permeability test studied the TTs’ permeability characteristics under different acid solutions action. The microscopic mechanism of the movement of the acid solutions and TTs was analyzed based on X-ray diffraction results and nuclear magnetic resonance. The experimental results show that the permeability coefficient of TTs decreases first and then increases with the pH value of HCl and H2SO4 solutions and first increases and then decreases and then increases with the pH value of H3PO4 solutions. When the pH value >3, the effect of acid on the permeability coefficient is satisfied with HCl >H2SO4> H3PO4; otherwise, it is satisfied with H2SO4> H3PO4> HCl. The development law of T2 spectrum distribution is consistent with the permeability coefficient of TTs treated with the same acid solution. The acid solutions react with chlorite and calcite in the tailings, which affects the permeability of TTs treated by the acid solution. Therefore, preventing the infiltration of acid solutions from entering the tailings is conducive to improving the stability of tungsten tailings dams.
Experimental study of biodegradability of organic waste with industrial waste combined with effluents: a comparison by vermicomposting technology
B. Hemalatha, M.C.Sashikkumar, S.Vivek, S. Ramesh , M.Dinesh, S.Laxmi Priya Babu, V.Priya, Pages:1-12

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005480
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Vermicomposting is a mesophilic biooxidation and stabilization process of organic materials that involves the joint action of earthworm and microorganism. An experiment was conducted to prepare vermicompost using partially decomposed organic waste such as MSW, fruit waste, vegetable waste and yard waste by employing indigenous earthworm species. This research has been done for reducing the environmental issues, pollution problems due to solid waste and industrial waste i.e., wastewater and sludge by converting it into compost by using earthworms very successfully and economically. Non-toxic and organic industrial wastes could be potential raw material for vermicomposting. In the past few years, vermicomposting has been used for the management of industrial wastes and sludges and to convert them into vermicompost for land restoration practices. The earthworms used were Eudrillus euginea. In this study the industrial sludge and effluent from dairy industry was mixed with organic waste with different ratio. This process was done under the controlled conditions of pH, moisture content and temperature. In this process partially decomposed organic waste were broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure which has a potentially high economic value as soil conditioner for plant growth. The results reveal the increased nutrient content, increased worm population and decreased processing days of the waste in the order of dairy waste with organic waste. The main objectives of this study include to find viable management techniques for organic as well as industrial waste and to make a detailed analysis of the route of stabilization with observations such as temperature, pH, EC, COD, TS, VS, AC and C/N. and to produce good quality biofertilizer fixed by nutritive values.

Climate change and air pollution

A Real-time Environmental Air Pollution Predictor Model Using Dense Deep Learning Approach in IoT Infrastructure
Dr.Preethi P Dr.Saravanan T Dr.Mohanraj R Mrs.Gayathri PG, Pages:1-16

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005666
Paper Topic:
Air Quality

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
With the technical advancements in Deep Learning (DL), it is probable to construct the predictor model for monitoring and controlling pollution from real-time data. Here, IoT techniques are used for sensing the emission rate from various factors and the predictor model is constructed using the available data, for instance, carbon monoxide prediction. Modern sensors are embedded to evaluate the level of pollutants and using these modern techniques, the source of emission rate is identified and notified to the specific environment. Deep learning concepts are used for predicting the pollution level based on the current and previous data attained from the sensors. Here, we have implemented a learning solution to predict carbon monoxide concentration hourly using the novel Dense Residual Convolutional Network Model with Bi-LSTM (Bidirection-Long Short Term Memory) with the spatial and temporal features by integrating the features of the present and previous pollutant data. The side output from the residual network model is used to evaluate prediction quality. The performance is compared with existing approaches like standard LSTM, CNN, pre-trained network model, etc. The experimentation is done in a Python environment, and the proposed model facilitates more prediction accuracy for the pollutants CO,SO_2,O_3 and NO_2 than other conventional network models and establishes a better trade-off.
Prediction of Particulate Matter PM2.5 Using Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit with Feature Selection
Siva Sankari Subbiah Senthil Kumar Paramasivan Muthamilselvan Thangavel, Pages:1-12

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005631
Paper Topic:
Air Quality

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
In recent years, air pollution has increased with industrialization and urbanization globally. It is an important hazardous factor that causes severe health issues to community’s health. Among the number of pollutants in air, PM2.5 is very dangerous due to its very small, 2.5µm, diameter. The PM2.5 concentration in air causes severe life-threatening to humans. In this paper, RFBIGRU model is proposed to predict PM2.5 in the atmospheric air. RFBIGRU improves PM2.5 prediction accuracy using Random Forest (RF) feature selector and Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BIGRU) deep neural network. The PM2.5 concentration in air depends on other pollutants' concentration in the air. However, the consideration of several other pollutants increases the curse of dimensionality and overfitting issues. So, in RFBIGRU, first, the relevant pollutants to PM2.5 are identified using random forest feature importance. Then the nonlinear and temporal patterns of the time series air pollutant data are extracted both in forward and backward direction using Bidirectional GRU. The RFBIGRU reduces the curse of dimensionality, overfitting and improves the PM2.5 prediction accuracy compared to other deep learning methods. The experimental result proves RFBIGRU outperforms others by producing least Root Mean Square Error of 42.217 and 6.813 for Delhi and Amaravathi regions.
Climate projection and future rainfall trends analysis in the Nouhao sub-basin in Burkina Faso.
Noba W G., Damiba L., Doumounia A., Zongo I., Zougmore F., Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005724
Paper Topic:
Climate change mitigation and adaptation

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Climate change is an indicator of changes happening in the biosphere. Monitoring it, will anticipating actions against the resulting disasters. This study, undertaken in Burkina Faso Nouaho sub basin, gives an overview of rainfall in the near, medium and long terms. It is built on regional climates models which are climates projections from global climate models downscaling. These models are generated basis on scenarios like greenhouse gas emissions and radiative forcing called Regional Concentration Pathways (RCP). The two scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 chosen in this study, have enabled to identify a rainfall regional climate model whose output corrected basis on Nouhao sub-basin observation data, highlight changes in sub-basin future precipitation. Over the three defined normal, i.e. normal 1 (2021-2050), normal 2 (2051-2080) and normal 3 (2071-2100), cumulative annual rainfall mean shows a downward trend under the RCP 4.5 scenario, and an upward trend under the RCP 8.5 scenario. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the RCP 4.5 scenario shows very wet years at the start of normal 1, before giving way to alternating years close to normal rainfall, in normal 2 and 3. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the SPI shows a dominance of dry years in normal 1. In normal 2 and 3, wet and very wet years return to dominate. The spatial dynamics of future rainfall, meanwhile, show a latitudinal shift in annual rainfall totals towards the south-east of the sub-basin under the RCP 4.5 scenario, and towards the north-west under the RCP 8.5 scenario. The climate projection thus highlights possible future changes in precipitation in the sub-basin. Its consideration could form the basis for the implementation of climate change adaptation strategies in the area.

Circular economy

Visitors’ environmental attitudes and willingness to pay for nature conservation: the case of Langtang National Park in the Himalayas
Kamal T. Ntanos S. Kyriakopoulos G.L. Skordoulis M. Getzner M. , Pages:1-13

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005717
Paper Topic:
Ecosystems and Natural Resources Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
National parks are a destination for nature-based tourism (NBT) in both the developed and developing countries. National Park visitors with pro-environmental attitudes may be more likely to support the management's conservation efforts. However, managing and funding national parks and protected areas is a significant challenge, particularly in low-income countries. Visitor entrance fees to national parks are an often-heard option to secure sustainable funding for the management. This study aimed to measure environmental attitude and willingness to pay (WTP) for park entrance fees of international visitors to Langtang National Park in the Nepal Himalayas. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale was applied to assess environmental attitude, while a contingent valuation survey was carried out to explore WTP. International visitors of the park (n= 476) were surveyed over two years. The survey results suggest that national park visitors exhibited comparatively high pro-environmental attitudes, with a NEP score of 3.72 (5 being the highest score). Visitors were willing to pay a new entrance fee of USD 57.51 (mean) in comparison to the existing fee of USD 30. The willingness to pay a higher entry fee was positively correlated with a pro-environmental attitude and income. The increase in entrance fees could significantly improve the funding of national parks in Nepal and lead to an upgrade of its infrastructures without reducing the overall number of visitors.
Development of sustainable masonry solid blocks by the incorporation of industrial and agro waste.
K. MOHAN , G.E. ARUNKUMAR & R.UDHAYASAKTHI , Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005559
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Bricks have been extensively adopted for centuries and continue to play a vital role in the construction industry. Nevertheless of its dependable workability and accessibility, fired clay brick production has been recognized for its comparatively high energy and resource requirements. Traditional clay bricks, widely used in construction for centuries, pose significant environmental challenges. The extraction of clay for brick production can result in habitat destruction and landscape alteration. The firing process in brick kilns consumes substantial amounts of energy, often derived from non-renewable sources, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. The development of sustainable masonry solid blocks signifies a revolutionary change in the construction sector, providing a sustainable substitute for conventional building materials. These blocks, typically made from reused or locally obtained materials, demonstrate a dedication to environmental stewardship and the efficient use of resources. This innovative idea of utilizing some industrial waste such as fly ash, bagasse ash, marble dust and stone dust in solid block manufacture significantly reduces the environmental pollution problem, offers an alternative construction material source, and makes the solid blocks economical. Different types of trail mixes have been developed, and the produced masonry solid blocks underwent a series of experimental investigations. The solid bricks are being compared to conventional cement blocks. The developed sustainable solid block (MB6) exhibits a strength that is 43.78% greater than that of conventional cement solid blocks. The present study attempts to determine the optimal material proportion for innovative solid block production. Key words: Carbon footprint, Eco-friendly building blocks, Bagasse ash, Marble dust and Industrial waste
Exploring the effects of eco-friendly and biodegradable biocomposite incorporating eggshell and walnut powder as fillers
Sivakumar A Srividhya S Prakash R Subbarayan M R, Pages:1-6

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005471
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Composites gain utility when filler materials are incorporated. The qualities of the material are changed when filler components are added. In recent years, the use of bio-based components in polymers and polymer composites has significantly increased. Agricultural wastes are employed in this case as filler component to create bioplastic composites since they are inexpensive, plentiful, and easily accessible. By varying the weight ratios of Eggshell (ES) powder and Walnut shell (WS) powder added to the plasticized PLA, bioplastic composite samples are created. Epoxidized soybean oil (5wt%) is used to create the plastic. The obtained bioplastic particles are then subjected to additional processing by being shaped into dog-bone-shaped samples and tested mechanically and thermally. Mechanical testing, including Tensile, Charpy Impact, and Flexural tests, revealed that the PLA possessed inferior properties to those of virgin PLA. The qualities of plasticized PLA-ES composite, however, performed better than those of plasticized PLA-WS composite.
Evolutionary game analysis of enterprises’ green production behavior in the context of China’s economic green transformation
Xue Lei Ouwen Lin Jiajun Lin, Pages:1-8

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005781
Paper Topic:
Circular economy

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
In the context of China's critical economic transition towards sustainability, this research employs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving government, enterprises, and environmental protection social organizations to investigate the evolutionary trajectory of enterprises' green production behaviors. By elucidating the equilibrium solution of the model and validating its local stability, the study aims to identify the key factors that contribute to steering the game towards a favorable state. The findings reveal that enterprises' decisions to adopt green production practices are primarily driven by cost-benefit considerations. Meanwhile, government interventions in regulating green production are influenced by factors such as resource input, punitive measures for non-compliance, and reward incentives. Additionally, the decisions of environmental protection social organizations to monitor enterprises' green production are shaped by factors like cost, financial support, and subsidy incentives. Ultimately, the study provides policy recommendations, emphasizing stakeholder perspectives, to encourage corporate green production. These insights not only aim to foster sustainable development among enterprises but also serve as a theoretical foundation for government policy formulation.
The Impact of Environmental Protection Tax Policy on the Financial Performance of Heavy Pollution Enterprises
Lei X. Zhao K., Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005750
Paper Topic:
Circular economy

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Leveraging the implementation of China's environmental protection tax (EPT) policy in 2018 as a focal point, this study employs a quasi-natural experiment via the double-difference method to investigate the EPT's impact on the financial performance (FP) of publicly listed companies in heavily polluting industries. The findings reveal the EPT's sustained and positive dynamic effect on the FP of these enterprises, a trend validated through parallel trend and placebo tests. Furthermore, the research highlights that non-state-owned and large-scale firms exhibit more substantial incentives for enhancing their FP.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Waste PET fibres on the Impact Behaviour of PET Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Karthikeyan S, Ramgughan B, Pages:1-5

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005202
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
Concrete, being the construction material that is extensively employed, possesses various limitations despite its adaptability in building projects. It exhibits weakness when subjected to tension, has restricted ductility, and offers minimal resistance against cracking. Concrete is widely used in construction due to its high strength. The aim of this study is to conduct experimental research on the utilization of PET fibre as a construction material in concrete, which is technically sound and environmentally safe. The use of PET fibre in various engineering applications can solve the problem of disposal of plastic waste. PET fibre can be used in concrete to improve its ductile parameters. PET wires of 50 mm in length and 3 mm in width are used in this work. The tests conducted on M30 grade concrete included assessments of its strength in compression, strength in split tensile, strength in flexure, and resistance to impact. The percentages of addition were 0 %, 0.25 % and 0.5 % density of fibre. The impact properties of PET fibre concrete were studied. Test results showed that there is improvement in compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and a significant increase in impact resistance of concrete after the addition of PET fibres.
Sustainable use of ferrochrome slag and quarry dust composites as cement-bound layers of flexible pavement
Ajay CH Durga Rani K, Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.004854
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
In this study, an attempt was made to characterize ferrochrome slag as cement-bound layers of flexible pavement in view of its leaching behavior. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was conducted to assess the mobility of toxic elements in ferrochrome slag. Ferrochrome slag aggregate was classified as a non-hazardous material that has good physical and mechanical properties. The standards for cement stabilization set forth by the MoRTH can be met by two gradations, ferrochrome slag(F) and quarry dust(Q) in the ratios of 70/30 and 60/40(F/Q) respectively. Cylindrical specimens of cement contents (2%, 4%, and 6% dry weight, respectively) were cast at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for 7 and 28 days of curing to perform unconfined compressive strength. The cylindrical specimens are subjected to a series of cycles consisting of alternative wetting and drying, and the corresponding weight loss for each cycle is recorded in order to evaluate the effect of subsequent cycles. The strength of cement-treated ferrochrome slag and quarry dust mixtures was measured before and after they were subjected to durability testing. The cement-treated F60Q40 mix showed better performance than the F70Q30 mix and it can be efficiently utilized as a replacement for granular sub-base and base courses of flexible pavement, thereby reducing leaching and environmental pollution.
Exploring and Assessing Construction Companies' ESG Performance in Sustainability
Lei X. Zhao K. , Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005698
Paper Topic:
Circular economy

Issue:
Issue 3
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Abstract
This study delves into exploring and assessing ESG (Economic, Social, and Governance) performance in construction companies, utilizing China State Construction Group Corporation as a prominent example. The research aims to provide insights into sustainable practices within the construction industry. Employing a comprehensive framework, the study evaluates the economic, technological, environmental, social, and corporate governance aspects of ESG performance. The findings shed light on the specific influence of corporate governance and technology on the overall ESG performance. The China State Construction Group Corporation case study exemplifies notable advancements in these areas. The study concludes with valuable implications and recommendations for fostering enhanced ESG practices in the broader context of construction companies.

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Issue 3

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Water and wastewater

Solid waste management

Climate change and air pollution

Circular economy

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