Issue 3

BTEX, also known as benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene, is a common gasoline oxygenate. The contamination of groundwater and surface water with BTEX and its primary breakdown product has drawn a lot of attention. However, surface-modified zeolite's sorption mechanisms and affinity for BTEX can be employed to potentially remove these toxins from water. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was utilized to alter the morphology of the adsorbent. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that zeolites have a greater capability for removing emerging chemicals. Some of the emerging compounds' relatively large dimensions limit their natural ability to lower values. Gas chromatography was used to determine the BTEX concentration decrease range. The Yoon-Nelson and Adams-Bohart model's use of mathematical modelling to determine the efficacy of the column's adsorption. The model with the highest R2 values for characterizing equilibrium isotherm data describes equilibrium adsorption data. To gain an understanding of the shape, pore structure, and active sites, the characterisation is concentrated on quantitative analysis using XRD, qualitative analysis using FTIR, and optical study using SEM.

In terms of sustainable land use management, it is extremely important to reveal the land conditions and the changes that occur on the land in certain periods. In this study, using CORINE data for Düzce province, land use status and transitions between land-use classes over 28 years were investigated. In addition, changes in carbon storage in above-ground biomass were determined for each land-use and land transition using Landsat satellite images for the years 1990 and 2018. 28 years, artificial surfaces increased from 3,852 hectares to 9,058 hectares. While agricultural areas increased by 11.5% to 114,650 hectares, forest and semi-natural areas decreased by 14% to 122,955 hectares. 96.7% of the increase in agricultural areas was land converted from forest areas. While the amount of carbon stored in the forest and semi-natural areas increased by 27.9%, it increased by 30.5% in agricultural areas. With land transitions, 17.8% of the total carbon (14,407 tons) was transferred from one land use to another. In terms of annual land-use change rate between 1990 and 2018, the highest rate of land-use change was in the post-earthquake 2000-2006 period. The information in this study will make important contributions to policymakers in land management and planning.

The dumping of solid waste in uncontrolled landfills can cause significant impacts on the environment and human health. The open dumps cause the formation of leachate which contaminated the groundwater; use of these groundwater reported danger to the human health. The goal of groundwater protection is necessary to control the release and migration of pollutants from the leachate in the subsurface. In this paper, the above-mentioned problems were dealt with the case study of Ariyamangalam open dumping site, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu. The dump site receives 71% of organic waste. The groundwater flow and leachate transport model was developed using Visual MODFLOW and MT3DMS (Version 4.3), to study the leachate transport in the subsurface and to predict the plume behavior under different scenarios. The conceptual model of the system was derived from the information on geology, geo physical and geo hydrology of the study area. The total dissolved solids (TDS) were taken as a parameter, to study the extent of contaminant plume for the next nine years (2014-2022). From the groundwater flow model, it was found that the increase in water level by 2.5 m above MSL from December 2010 (70.9 m above MSL) to December 2022 (73.4 m above MSL) around the study area. From the leachate transport model, the predicted TDS plume movement was identified towards the west and south east directions of the open dumping area. As a conclusion, the developed groundwater flow and leachate transport model can be effectively used for studying the leachate migration from the open dumping site into subsurface system.

Waste generated as a result of the leather processing industry can be in the form of solid, liquid and gas waste. Waste generated from the textile industry made from clothing H2S and TSS which if not treated properly, will be very dangerous for health and the environment. One of the efforts to overcome this problem, is offered in the form of a simple, inexpensive and efficient H2S and TSS waste treatment technology, namely by using a combination of bio-desulfurization and trickling filtration methods as a means of treating liquid waste in the leather-based textile industry, especially for parameters, H2S and TSS. Bio-desulfurization is a sulfur removal process by utilizing the metabolism of microorganisms, namely by converting hydrogen sulfide into elementary sulfur, and trickling wastewater filtration is a treatment process by spreading wastewater into a pile or media bed consisting of Coconut Shell Charcoal to reduce H2S and TSS content in leather-based clothing industry wastewater. The results of the study for H2S parameters in wastewater treated in bio desulfurization reactor and trickling filter with Coconut Shell Charcoal filtering media, the biggest decrease was in filter media with a thickness of 60 cm with a contact time of 30 minutes of 4.43 mg/lt or 88.84%. Likewise, the largest decrease in TSS parameter content was found in a 60 cm filter media thickness with a contact time of 30 minutes of 47.67 mg/lt or 82.54%.