Lead and copper contamination in small arms firing ranges

Firing range activities have been proven to adversely impact the environment. The main concern in
small arms firing ranges (SAFRs) is the fate and transport of heavy metals from bullets and bullet
fragments accumulating in soil with lead (Pb) being the primary contaminant. Frequently however,
bullets are jacketed with copper (Cu). The presence of Cu results in an increased galvanic corrosion
potential. This in turn may lead to elevated levels of Pb release and subsequent lead mobility. In this
paper we investigate the presence of Pb and Cu in an attempt to identify any synergistic effects
between Pb and Cu and to accurately establish the extent of contamination. Soil samples from an
active 20-position firing range and from a former range located at Fort Irwin in the Mojave Desert
were analyzed for total concentrations of the respective metals. Overall, the Pb and Cu concentration
levels and their spatial distribution correlated well with the associated range activities. Most Cu and Pb
contamination appeared to concentrate at the berm surface with contamination levels rapidly
decreasing with depth. Metal concentrations were elevated in the immediate vicinity of the target area,
but were somewhat lower in areas between target positions. The presence of Cu increases the
solubility of Pb by increasing its corrosion potential. Pb corrosion results in the formation of
hydrocerussite and cerussite, a Pb carbonates.