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Open Access | Accepted manuscript on June 11, 2026

The Impact of Development Wetlands and Specific Tree Plantations on Hydrometeorological Adaptation and Stabilization.

Abstract

The current research investigates how designed wetlands and green infrastructure can help regulate hydrometeorological variability in Erbil's semi-arid Bnaslawa sub-district. Semi-arid regions are increasingly confronted with difficulties such as rainfall unpredictability, surface runoff, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, emphasising the need for integrated water-management solutions. A spatial suitability evaluation was conducted to determine the best wetland placements, followed by EPA SWMM hydraulic models to assess runoff reduction throughout different 24-hour rainfall return periods. Willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.) trees were chosen for their great adaptation to semi-arid environments and potential to enhance wetland performance. Studies indicate that constructed wetlands significantly reduce peak runoff and total surface discharge and provide ecological co-benefits such as carbon sequestration and GHG abatement. The vegetation also has significant biomass potential. Overall, combining wetlands with climate-adaptive planting practices is a successful, long-term strategy for reducing flood risk and increasing environmental resilience in semi-arid environments.

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Keywords
constructed wetland , hydrometeorological, semi-arid region, ecological co-benefits, Stormwater management