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Efficient Photocatalytic Elimination of Metformin Using Gadolinium-Doped BiVO₄ Optimized via Box-Behnken Design

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  • gnest_07712_accepted manuscript.pdf
  • Paper ID
    gnest_07712
  • Paper status
    In press
  • Date paper submitted
  • Date paper accepted
  • Date paper online
DOI
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.07712
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Abstract

This study aimed to synthesize Gadolinium-doped Bismuth Vanadate (Gd-BV) using co-precipitation and evaluate its effectiveness in removing metformin from hospital wastewater and also optimization done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), specifically a Box-Behnken Design (BBD). A 5% Gd-doped BV photocatalyst was prepared and tested for metformin removal under UV light. The RSM-BBD approach, implemented with DesignExpert software, explored the impact of initial metformin concentration (300-700 mg/L), Gd-BV dosage (10-100 mg), reaction time (30-120 min), and pH (5-9). The optimal conditions identified resulted in a 92.273% removal efficiency for metformin, achieved with an initial concentration of 595.730 mg/L, a catalyst dosage of 88.404 mg, a reaction time of 115.650 min, and a pH of 7.778. Removal of metformin shows better efficiency of 92.273%.

Keywords
metformin Micropollutant Photocatalyst pharmaceutical wastewater treatment BBD Statistical modelling bismuth vanadate
Cite this article
Karuppusamy, M., Natesan, S., & Haribabu, A. (2025). Efficient Photocatalytic Elimination of Metformin Using Gadolinium-Doped BiVO₄ Optimized via Box-Behnken Design. Global NEST Journal. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.07712
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  • gnest_07712_accepted manuscript.pdf