Issue 6

Toxicity poses a significant threat to the environment and human health. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc, have been shown to harm both agricultural ecosystems and human health. This paper aims to examine the effects of these heavy metals on the environment and human health, as well as discuss the problem of heavy metal deposition in soils. Additionally, the paper utilizes IoT and an SVM classifier to examine human disorders caused by heavy metal exposure. The reflectance spectra of soil samples were used to assess levels of heavy metals using an artificial intelligence algorithm. Arsenic, copper, lead, and cadmium concentrations were estimated using this method. Additionally, an artificial neural network and Naive Bayes model were developed to estimate heavy metal concentrations. The ANN model had R2 values of 0.82, 0.80, 0.76, and 0.70 for copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead, respectively, while the training data had R2 values of 0.70, 0.56, 0.62, and 0.59 for the same estimations.

Earth is consisting of land, air and water. Air contains oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, other gases are present above the permissible limit, and it creates effects on human health. It is one of the most important public health issues due to development of urbanization, industrialization and globalization in large cities. Air pollution levels in developed countries have been increased in recent years. In developing countries air pollution levels are still high. In recent years, the health studies have become visible showing harmful health effects in lungs and respirable system. Air pollution is responsible for 7million deaths annually. It affects the health of humans and other living beings in our world. The government has developed the guidelines for air quality and rule to restrict emissions in effort to control air pollution. These updated AQGs provide exact guidelines for PM 10 and pm 2.5. The primary objective of this paper is to study the ambient air quality and its impact on lungs. Particulate matters are the particles suspended in air/atmosphere. Mainly PM10and PM 2.5Ultra fine particles (<1µm) are mainly responsible for causing interruption for human health.PM10 and PM2.5 are characterized by their presence only within the upper respiratory tract. Some PM 2.5 and Ultra fine particles are characterized by their presence deeper regions of alveoli. Ultrafine particles (PM0.1), which are present in the air in large numbers, pose a health risk. They generally enter the body through the lungs but translocation to essential organs. Compared to fine particles (PM2.5) ,they cause more pulmonary inflammation and are retained longer in the lung. Their toxicity is increased with smaller size, larger surface area, adsorbed surface material, and the physical characteristics of the particles. Exposure to PM0.1 induces cough and worsens asthma. Metal fume fever is a systemic disease of lung inflammation most likely caused by PM0.1. The disease is manifested by systemic symptoms hours after severe exposure to PM0.1 could cause systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation changes that predispose individuals to cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

A green synthesis using a simple precipitation method produced zinc oxide (ZnO), leaf extractions of zinc oxide as Aerva lanata (Al-ZnO) and Millettia pinnata (Mp-ZnO), copper-doped Al-CZnO and Mp-CZnO nanoparticles (NAPs). They were characterized for their functional group, structural, antibacterial, and luminescence properties. The grown NAPs were examined by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and antibacterial activity. The XRD analysis confirms that all NAPs have a hexagonal structure and no impurity phases other than Cu. In consequence of this, Cu ion has been successfully incorporated into the standard ZnO structure. The calculated crystalline size through the XRD pattern of pure ZnO, Al-ZnO, Mp-ZnO, Al-CZnO, and Mp-CZnO NAPs and the average grain size were 81.37, 52.08, 63.24, 37.54, and 30.71 nm, respectively. The optical absorption spectra show that adding Cu reduces the band gap. FTIR is used to assess the functional group and chemical interaction of leaf extraction and Cu-doped ZnO at various peaks. In addition, its functional groups are observed to correspond to the ZnO bands in all the samples. The microstructure analysis of SEM confirms that all the NAPs are agglomerated by adding the dopant, which turns into a particle-like structure. The antibacterial activity of the NAPs against Escherichia coli was measured using the agar well diffusion technique, and the optimum zone of inhibition (ZOI) was found to be 21 mm. Overall, the obtained results revealed that the Mp-CZnO NAPs is a novel and efficient bacterial pathogens present in the aqueous medium. Hence, it is a good representation for future biomedical applications.

Cryptomelane type manganese oxide K-OMS-2 and Ni-Ce-OMS-2 co-doping materials were synthesized by one-step preparation with refluxing system. The crystalline structure, and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and SEM images. Ni (II) and Ce (III) were incorporated into cryptomelane, substituted for Mn (III) and Mn (IV) resulting an increase of Mn-average-oxidation-state from 3.6 to 3.8 for un-doped and co-doped samples, respectively. With different amount of precursor-cerium concentration, NiCe1.0 improved the ethanol conversion by a factor of 8 compared to unmodified K-OMS-2. Additionally, NiCe1.0 showed a significant increase of ethanol conversion with reaction temperature. Over above 90% of ethanol was total oxidized at 150 C suggesting a potential Ni-Ce-OMS-2 catalyst for removing volatile organic compounds at low temperature.