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Particles with aerodynamic diameters < 1 μm (PM1) damage human health more severely than do coarse particles. In this study, PM1 number concentration, traffic flow, temperature and relative humidity in both a residential underground garage and at the entrance/exit, wind velocity at the entrance/exit were measured between May and June 2012 in Harbin, China. Pearson and partial correlations were employed to quantify the relationship between PM1 number concentration, traffic flow, and the thermal environment. The results show that mean PM1 number concentration in the garage during the measurement was 21,905 particles cm−3, which was approximately 1.54 times higher than the outdoor environment. Mean traffic flow, with a value of 0.2 vehicles min−1, may be the most important factor impacting PM1 pollution levels in the garage. The effects of air temperature inside the garage and wind velocity at the entrance/exit on PM1 pollution may be stronger compared with other environmental parameters. An inverse relationship between air temperature and PM1 number concentration was observed and decrease in wind velocity at the entrance/exit resulted in increased PM1 number concentration. This study provides fundamental reference data for PM1 number concentration levels in a residential underground garage.

Municipal solid waste generation in Malaysia has increase significantly. Organic materials continue to be the major portion of solid waste generated in Kampar, Malaysia. As a result of increasing rate of waste generation and population growth, land area will become more demanding causing the increment of the cost in solid waste management. As a result, solid waste management will become more expensive in the future. Waste separation and organic composting can provide good solution in reducing waste disposal. Nevertheless, public awareness is an important key to improve solid waste management issue. During this study, questionnaire was designed to test out public general knowledge regarding waste management, and their willingness to do composting. 270 questionnaires were distributed to the public. Data analysis of the questionnaire shows that only a few of the respondents (24 numbers) have good awareness. Likert scale was applied to prioritize the factors that discourage waste separation and organic composting practices in Kampar District. This paper concluded that public education and awareness toward solid waste minimization using composting is crucial.

The Pharmaceutical contaminants specialist antibiotics into environment can create problems for both human health and environment. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), an antibiotic Fluoroquinolones group, has recently been used widely for infections treatment. The main purpose of the research was to develop a Full factorial method for degradation of CIP in aqueous solution by Fenton Homogenous process (Fe2+/H2O2). In order to compare the effects of the four parameters considered in the optimization of the oxidative process, a two level Full factorial experimental design (24) was utilized using JMP® software. These parameters were concentration of CIP ( ), concentration of Fe2+ ( ), concentration of H2O2 ( ) and time ( ) at ambient temperature and an acidic pH. In the optimal conditions of the initial concentration of CIP 80 mg/l, Fe2+ concentration of 5 mM, and H2O2 concentration of 51.2 mM degradation efficiency of CIP was 76% within 15 min. Under these conditions, the highest correlation coefficient proved between observed and predicted degradation efficiencies with R2= 0.996 and Adj-R2= 0.968. The reaction intermediates have been identified by LC-MS and BOD5/COD ratio for study biodegradability enhanced from zero to 0.32, showed that the Fenton Homogenous process was agreeable to biological treatment. Based on the results, this may be concluded that Fenton Homogenous process by Full factorial experimental design could be used to degrade CIP from aqueous solutions efficiently.

This study focuses on the impact of the disposal of Tirunelveli city municipal waste in the quality of groundwater in Ramayanpatti village where the waste is disposed; the study also assesses the quality of the groundwater suitability in irrigation in the disposed region. Tirunelveli city generates municipal waste of nearly 15 MLD of domestic wastewater and 100 tons of solid waste in a day. The domestic wastewater is treated by waste stabilization pond. The solid waste is dumped in the open yard. These two disposal sites are located in the Ramayanpatti area and their boundaries are at a distance of 500m from each other. Ground water resources are extracted in use for agriculture in the area of Ramayanpatti. Around thirty, locations have been identified in the Ramayanpatti area for sampling, based on the contour and flow direction. The dominant chemical cation species in the majority of the groundwater samples are in the order of Na>Ca>Mg>K and anion species are in the order of HCO3>Cl>SO4>NO3. Gibbs plot shows that the region is dominated by evaporation and dilution phenomenon. Rhode’s plot shows that there is no reduction in the rate of infiltration of soil in the Ramayanpatti region. Dendrogram shows that the leachates infiltration is predominant in the winter season. The study shows that the groundwater quality, nearer and to the southeastern side of the disposal sites are most affected and contaminated by solid waste leachates. The inference with various irrigation plots show that the quality of groundwater in the southeastern region is doubtful for use in irrigation and the groundwater needs to be assessed in order to use in irrigation for agriculture.