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This current, comprehensive study of the literature provides a full review of recent developments in a variety of various kinds of solar stills. This review looks at studies on double-slope, hybrid solar stills, single-slope, with a condenser unit, and other particular types of solar stills. To make the work more relevant to readers, the authors provide a thorough summary of the latest research papers in the area of solar stills in addition to a general overview of the many varieties of solar stills. An overview of the various desalination methods is provided in this review paper. Although there have been notable advancements in desalination techniques, the systems' operational costs have remained high throughout time. With the use of cutting-edge technologies, efforts have been made to reduce the price of producing desalinated water. The cost of producing desalinated water is significantly reduced when solar stills are used for desalination. In this review paper that follows, innovative designs and methods for solar still desalination are being used to increase daily productivity while lowering production costs. Numerous changes were tried to extend the residence time and surface area of water that could evaporate, but these changes did not cause the feed water to remain in the still's basin for an extended period.

Due to the limitations of fossil fuels and the environmental problems associated with their usage, renewable energy sources have been exploited for desalination through the employment of various technologies and mediums. One of the most useful renewable energy sources for solar desalination, both directly and indirectly, is solar energy. The effectiveness of solar desalination is influenced by a variety of parameters, making it challenging to forecast their performance in particular circumstances. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), PSO, ANFIS, RO, and genetic algorithms would all be suitable techniques for their modeling and output predictions in this context. In the current research, multiple data-driven approaches are used in-depth to perform modeling of solar-based desalination facilities. By utilizing these methods with the proper inputs and structures, it can be deduced that the results of the solar desalination units can be consistently and correctly projected. Additionally, several suggestions are offered for future research in the relevant areas of the study.

Biochar shows substantial potential to contribute as a globally applicable adsorbent to decontaminate the water system due to the ample availability of feedstocks and valuable physio-chemical surface properties. This review aims to highlight the modification technologies of biochar, the alteration of characteristics after modification, and the eliminating of organic, inorganic, antibiotics and other pollutants from water systems by modified biochar. Alkali-acid modified and metal-loaded biochar possesses the superior surface functionality; these modifications are greatly favorable for improving the removal of different pollutants from water systems. Acidic- alkaline and metal treatment provides more diverse functional groups on biochar surfaces e.g. produces ample oxygenated functional groups, improve the surface attributes, generates high ratios of surface aromaticity and N/C, these changes provide the more adsorption sites and increase the removal of pollutants. This review also demonstrates the existing problems and future research direction related to modified biochars by acidic and alkaline agents as well as metal loaded composite in the remediation of the pollutants.