Global NEST Journal

ISSN:

Print ISSN: 1790-7632

Electronic ISSN: 2241-777X

Issue 1

Volume number:

Publication year:

2024

Publication month:

January

Number of publications: 30

Thematic

Water and wastewater
Solid waste management
Climate change and air pollution
Circular economy

Water and wastewater

Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes
Ganesan D, Lakshmanaprubhu S, Priyadharsini K, Hemavathi S, Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005411
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Abstract
In this research, we provide a method for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles using Moringa Oleifera Leaf (M.O Leaf) Extract. UV-VIS Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, EDS, X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to create and characterize ZnO nanoparticles. The spherical size structure of the synthesized nanoparticles with an average grain size of 1 nm was validated by SEM, EXD, and XRD analysis. After the sunlight exposure, the photocatalytic reagent was used to break down the organic dyes in the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. Nearly 96–97% of the titan yellow and Congo Red dyes were broken down by ZnO nanoparticles.
Solar still desalination techniques for the minimization of operational time and cost: a review
Vairavel Madeshwaren,Kathiresan.G,T.Suresh,Rajpradeesh Thangaraj , Pages:1-19

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005382
Paper Topic:
Desalination

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Abstract
This current, comprehensive study of the literature provides a full review of recent developments in a variety of various kinds of solar stills. This review looks at studies on double-slope, hybrid solar stills, single-slope, with a condenser unit, and other particular types of solar stills. To make the work more relevant to readers, the authors provide a thorough summary of the latest research papers in the area of solar stills in addition to a general overview of the many varieties of solar stills. An overview of the various desalination methods is provided in this review paper. Although there have been notable advancements in desalination techniques, the systems' operational costs have remained high throughout time. With the use of cutting-edge technologies, efforts have been made to reduce the price of producing desalinated water. The cost of producing desalinated water is significantly reduced when solar stills are used for desalination. In this review paper that follows, innovative designs and methods for solar still desalination are being used to increase daily productivity while lowering production costs. Numerous changes were tried to extend the residence time and surface area of water that could evaporate, but these changes did not cause the feed water to remain in the still's basin for an extended period.
Biosorption of crystal violet and methylene blue dyes using coconut shell powder
Sudhakar S, Ahalya N, Saravanan R and Sarath Babu M, Pages:1-13

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005364
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Abstract
In this study, coconut shell biosorbent was synthesized through chemical processes and activated using concentrated sulfuric acid to serve as an organic adsorbent for the effective removal of dye molecules, particularly Crystal Violet (CV) and Methylene Blue (MB), from wastewater. The biosorbent's surface characteristics, including morphology and functional groups, were comprehensively analyzed using techniques such as BET, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The experimental investigations revealed that optimal conditions, including a pH of 10.0, biosorbent dosage of 3 g/L, initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L, and a contact time of 60 minutes, led to the efficient removal of 89.74% of CV and 82.32% of MB dye molecules from synthetic solutions. Several isothermal studies were conducted to assess whether the adsorption process exhibited homogeneity or heterogeneity, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of its characteristics. Alongside the aforementioned tests, kinetic investigations were performed to ascertain whether the dye adsorption on the adsorbent was of a physical or chemical nature. Thermodynamic analyses were also undertaken to determine the outward-releasing or inward-absorbing characteristic of the dye adsorption process and to assess its spontaneity. Based on the outcomes of the desorption studies, the addition of 0.3N hydrochloric acid (HCl) resulted in the highest desorption rate. This effectively enhanced the recovery of dye molecules from the exhausted adsorbent, underscoring the effectiveness of 0.3N HCl in facilitating the desorption of adsorbed dye molecules.
Facile Prepared Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as a Nano-Catalyst on photo-Fenton process to remediation of methylene blue dye from water: Characterisation and Optimization
Ahmed Halfadji Mohamed Naous Khaldia nadia Kharroubi Fatima el zahraà Belmehdi Hanane Aoudia , Pages:1-6

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005312
Paper Topic:
Nanomaterials in the environment: applications and effects

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Abstract
In this research, a simple method for the preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) with an average size of 38.05 nm via co-precipitation was investigated. X-ray diffraction (DRX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to characterize obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles. These Fe3O4NPs were then used as nano-catalysts to degrade Methylene Blue (MB) in an aqueous solution via the Photo Fenton-like process. Also, under room solar light and low temperature, the photocatalytic activity of Fe3O4NPs for degrading MB was optimized through various experimental factors such as pH (ranging from 2 to 8), H2O2 concentration (from 10-2 to 5 × 10-1), catalyst amount (20 to 60 mg), and target organic compound concentrations (10 to 40 mg/L). The optimal experimental conditions were found to be a pH of 3, a dye concentration of 40 mg/L, and 40 mg of Fe3O4NPs as nano-catalyst. These conditions led to a high degree of removal (>86%) of MB dye from water. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was the suitable model to describe the degradation of MB dye with a coefficient value of 0.969. From this, it was concluded that Fe3O4NPs could act as an effective nano-catalyst for a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to eliminate organic pollutants in water and wastewater. Keywords: Fe3O4Nps, structural characterization, BM degradation, photo-Fenton Oxidation process, pseudo-first-order Model, Nanocatalyst.
Effect of Zeolux and Filters Backwash Water (FBWW) on Plant Growth and Yield of Sage (Salvia Officinalis) Plant
ZAYDOUN ABU SALEM, KAMEL ALZBOON, JALAL AL-TABBAL, SAEID ABU-ROMMAN, Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.004650
Paper Topic:
Water and wastewater reuse

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Abstract
Jordan is one of the few countries with constricted water resources, having one of the lowest per capita water levels in the world (Ministry of Agriculture, 2015). Jordan's available water resources per person are predicted to fall from less than 160 m3/capita/year to roughly 90 m3/capita/year by 2025, placing the nation in the acute water shortage category. Massive volumes of filter backwash water (FBWW) are created and wasted in Jordan. The use of FBWW to Sage (Salvia Officinalis) plant germination under controlled conditions with various dilution treatments would reduce water waste while also providing an alternate irrigation water supply. The effects of Zeolux as a soil amendment on the productivity and a variety of agronomic parameters of a Sage (Salvia officinalis) irrigated with fresh and FBWW were also studied. Various clay-zeolux mixtures were tested to achieve this goal. The combination soil mix of 25% zeolux and 75% clay watered with FBWW had the greatest results in terms of plant height, number of branches, fresh weight, dry weight, and root dry weight. The results reveal that the addition of zeolux to clay enhanced the yield and agrarian characteristics of plants cultivated in the soil. The results demonstrate that employing FBWW increased plant growth features greatly, and zeolux increases the favorable impact of FBWW irrigation on plant output. The study's main results will help to preserve valuable drinking water supplies while also increasing the yield of irrigated plants by using treated FBWW for irrigation.
Spatiotemporal variability of heavy metals concentration in an industrialized estuarine-bay ecosystem in Northern Persian Gulf
Vaziri B. Hakimi Abed M. Nabavi S.M. B. Shariati Feizabadi F., Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005416
Paper Topic:
Ecological effects of Environmental change

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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the pollution level of Ni, Pb, Cd, V, and Hg in the sediments of Musa Estuary and its four main tributaries namely Majidieh, Zangi, Semaili, and Merimos (collectively known as Mahshahr estuaries) in summer and winter 2019 using sediment quality indices. In each tributary, 4 stations were chosen to represent the estuary condition. One control point was also considered at the mouth of the estuary (17 stations in total). 51 sediment samples were collected using the Van Wien Hydrobius grab sampler and measurements were performed utilizing the ICP-MASS device. The heavy metals concentration was ordered as Ni> Pb> Cd> V> Hg and tributaries followed the order of Majidiyeh> Samaili> Zangi> Merimos> Musa's mouth (control point) in terms of heavy metal concentration in both seasons. Heavy metal concentrations were positively and significantly correlated with electrical conductivity and pH (P <0.05). The potential ecological risk (Er) was low for Ni, Pb, and V, moderate for Cd (except for Musa's mouth in summer (27.33)). Hg had low risk in Zangi Tributary and Musa's mouth in summer and medium risk in other tributaries in winter. The ecological risk index (RI) showed considerable risk in Zangi Tributary and Musa's mouth in both seasons and high risk in Merimos, Majidieh, and Samaili tributaries. According to the pollution load index (PLI), the sediments of Mahshahr estuaries showed no pollution in summer and moderate pollution in Majidiyeh and Smaili tributaries in winter. The Nemro Integrated Pollution Index ranged from 8.62 to 20.04 in summer and 9.15 to 21.53 in winter Mahshahr estuaries which indicate its high pollution potential. The findings of this research and those of previous studies alarm increasing levels of heavy metals’ content in the sediments of Mahshahr estuaries over the past years.
Transport of alumina nanoparticles in natural waters and water saturated porous media- an analysis of the effect of various environmental parameters
Chilakapati P.K Pulimi M, Pages:1-12

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005180
Paper Topic:
Water Quality

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Abstract
To control the use and disposal of products containing nanoparticles and lessen the risks they pose to soil and aquatic ecosystems, it is essential to understand the fate and transport of Al2O3 NPs. The stability, settling, retention, and transport of Al2O3 NPs in aqueous environments and saturated sand media were investigated in the current work to determine how solution chemistry and water chemistry influenced these processes. There was a notable rise and variety in settling of nanoparticles in different water stream and simulated aqueous solutions under static aqueous circumstances. The impact of solution chemistry in the transport of the nanoparticles was also examined in a column filled with quartz sand and various combinations of ionic strength (10 to 100 mM of NaCl), pH (3 to 7), natural organic matter (0.1 to 10 ppm of Humic acid), and natural water systems. The results demonstrate that the environmental conditions may significantly affect the transport and retention of nanoparticles, with humic acid exhibiting enhanced movement and natural clay, Kaolinite, increasing retention. Additionally, with natural waters the transport profiles were altered. The combination of DLVO and Clean bed filtration theory provided further assistance in the prediction of the aggregation and transport of the Al2O3 NPs.
Diatom records in sediments for eutrophication process of Lake Xian'nv, China since the mid-20th century
Weiqi Xiao Yong Ji Juan Zhou Ruyu Yan Jie Zhang, Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005247
Paper Topic:
Ecological effects of Environmental change

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Abstract
To well understand the eutrophication process for inland lakes where more lands had been used for agriculture and industry without adequate environmental protections, 9 surface sediments and 1 core sediment in Lake Xian’nv which was located in the middle of Jiangxi Province were chosen. Combined with 210Pb and 137Cs geochronology, nutrient index including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), Carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N), diatoms assembles and TDI index of eutrophic diatoms were compared quantitatively and conducted to elucidate the eutrophication process using statistical methods. The results showed a total of 155 years from 1863 to 2018 were recorded from the entire sediment core. The nutrient level in 23 centimeters below the surface of the sediment core where was synchronized with reservoir construction indicated TN, TP, TOC, and Carbon nitrogen ratio had been gradually increased since the construction of Dam. In surface sediments, the three diatoms with higher average relative abundance were Achnanthidium minutissimum, Navicula Bory, and Aulacoseira granulata with a value of 54.2 %, 29.4 %, and 15.3 % respectively. Significant changes of the diatom communities from 1955 to 2009 had been recorded, where diatom communities could be classified into four distinct periods. In the first few years after the reservoir was built, the dominant diatoms were epiphytic and benthic diatom communities represented by Navicula cincta、Fragilaria ulna, and Cocconeis placentula in zone I on the bottom floor covered from 1955 to 1961. However, planktonic diatom communities were dominant after 1983 which were mainly constituted by Aulacoseira alpigena、Cyclostephanos dubius、Cyclotella meneghiniana, and Cyclotella radiosa . Both TDI index of eutrophic diatoms and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed the succession from benthic diatoms to planktonic diatoms and changes in nutrient levels.
The effect of temperature on the U-232 and Am-241 adsorption by PN6 microplastics in aqueous solutions.
Ioannidis I. Anastopoulos I. Pashalidis I., Pages:1-4

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005392
Paper Topic:
Microplastics in the marine environment

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Abstract
The effect of temperature on the adsorption of U-232 and Am-241 by PN6 has been investigated in laboratory and environmental water samples (e.g. seawater and waste water) in the picomolar concentration range. Generally, increasing temperature favors radionuclide adsorption, indicating that radionuclide binding by PN6 is an endothermic and entropy-driven process. In environmental waters, Kd values are significantly lower than the corresponding values in de-ionized water solutions, because of the presence of various cations (e.g., Ca2+, Fe2+) that compete the radionuclide adsorption by PN6 and the presence of complexing anions (e.g. CO32-), which complex and stabilize the actinide cations in solution.
Vigna stipulacea mediated Fe nanoparticles synthesis: A greener approach for sequestration of Pb2+ from aqueous environment
R. Mafaz Ahamed R. Saraswathi, Pages:1-11

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005132
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Abstract
The greener approach offers a viable, sustainable and eco-friendly way to synthesize nanoparticles. This study used the seed extract of Vigna stipulacea (VS) as a bioreducing agent to synthesize iron nanoparticles (VS-Fe). The VS seed extract contains polyphenols and lignin content that acted as a bioreducing agent during VS-Fe formation. The Vigna stipulacea-mediated Fe nanoparticles were characterized using UV, XRD, FTIR, EDAX and BET surface analysis. The as-synthesized VS-Fe, comprised of Fe0 phase and Fe hydroxides, had an average crystallite size of 30.65 nm. It possessed a surface area of 199.189 m2/g and magnetic saturation of 11.21 m emu. The VS-Fe exhibited excellent adsorptive behavior during the sequestration of Pb2+ ions from an aqueous environment. The Pb2+ uptake was maximum (96.7%) under the optimal conditions of 60 min contact time, 0.01 g/ 100 mL VS-Fe dosage and pH 6. The equilibrium data of Pb2+ adsorption was more appropriate with pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9903) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9941) with qmax of 1020.50 mg/g. Thus, the dominance of chemisorption in Pb2+ removal was revealed. It was further confirmed with the SEM micrograph of Pb-loaded VS-Fe nanoparticles. Overall, this study demonstrated the inexpensive and non-toxic way of synthesizing Fe nanoparticles and their utilization in effectively removing Pb2+ ions from water.
Evaluation of the response of dynamic changes in the natural attenuation of chloride-polluted groundwater via high-throughput sequencing: Degradation characteristics and environmental changes
Bo Wang Zhenning Liu Yongjun Huang Qing Jiang Dongdong Yan Conghai Xu Kunhua Wang Ke Shi Jianliang Xue, Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005124
Paper Topic:
Soil and groundwater contamination and remediation

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Abstract
Due to its cost-effectiveness and absence of secondary pollution, the biological approach for eradicating chloride pollution has attracted widespread interest. However, numerous obstacles, including the limited presence of degrading microbes and a substantial impact from environmental variables arises during its practical application. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of ambient environmental factors during field surveys on the degradation of microorganism performance. The findings of this study demonstrate a negative correlation between the chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) concentrations and pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). These results suggest that redox conditions would improve the efficiency of chloride degradation. In addition, the degradation of CHCs was found to be primarily influenced by Dechloromonas, which accounted for > 1% of the total 16S rRNA sequences. In the absence of dechlorinating bacteria, the degradation efficiencies for CCl4, C2Cl4, and C2H2Cl4 were 91.7%, 87.8%, and 86.0% lower than the efficiency in the presence of these microorganism, respectively. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of biological degradation in controlling chloride pollution, along with substantial evidence supporting the extensive implementation of biological degradation technology.

Solid waste management

Kinetic Model of Anaerobic Digestion from Chicken Manure and Thai Rice Noodle Wastewater in Continuous Reactors
Jijai S. Muleng S. Noynoo L. Siripatana C., Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005281
Paper Topic:
Environmental data analysis and modelling

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Abstract
A kinetic model was used to describe the anaerobic co-digestion of chicken manure (CM) and Thai rice noodle wastewater (TRNW) in continuous reactors. This research investigated the effects of mixing interval and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on methane production and other related kinetic parameters. Experiments were carried out in three identical reactors with different mixing conditions: 1) without mixing, 2) mixing every 6 hours, and 3) mixing every 12 hours. Each reactor was operated at HRT of 10, 20, and 30 days, respectively. The anaerobic co-digestion was conducted at room temperature (28-30 ºC). The results showed that the co-digestion provided suitable initial conditions for anaerobic microorganisms in terms of pH level (7.1 ± 0.04), alkalinity (3,420 ± 20.00 mg/LasCaCO3), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (480 ± 10.00 mg/LasCH3COOH). The co-digestion of the mixing interval of every 12 hours and HRT of 10 days provided the highest methane production potential with an average of 261 mLCH4/gCOD. The model was validated statistically and can provide beneficial information for designing co-anaerobic wastewater treatment plants in the mixing interval and HRT suitable for biogas production.
Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Stover Pretreated with Sulfuric Acid in Different Soaking Durations
Shitophyta L. M. Arnita Wulansari H.D.A. Khan A. , Pages:1-5

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005229
Paper Topic:
Biowaste

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Abstract
The biogas production of pretreated corn stover has been determined in different soaking durations. Batch anaerobic digestion applies three different soaking durations in sulfuric acid pretreatment under room temperature. The study aimed to probe the effect of soaking durations during sulfuric acid pretreatment. The experiment was conducted in 600 mL digesters at room temperature. Biogas volume was measured using the water displacement method every three days. The observed cumulative biogas yields varied between 48.74 mL/g VS and 99.95 mL/g VS. The highest biogas yield was obtained when corn stover was soaked in sulfuric acid for 6 hours. The 24 h-pretreated corn stover got the lowest biogas yield. The statistical result proved a significant effect of soaking durations on biogas production (p < 0.05). The logistic model provided a better fit than the first-order model, with R2 values ranging from 0.9923 to 0.9987 and divergence between experimental and predicted values varying between 0.12% and 1.48%.
Assessment of biomarker-based ecotoxic effects in combating microplastic pollution - A review
Ozgenc E., Keles E., Yildiz Tore G., Pages:1-24

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005398
Paper Topic:
Environmental Health

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Abstract
Microplastics, found in various environments oceans, freshwater systems, soil, and the atmosphere, can enter ecosystems through various pathways, including the degradation of macroplastic parts or direct release from consumer products. By polluting terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, their formation, fate, and distribution increasingly threaten living life and ecosystems. Once found in the environment, microplastics can persist for a long time and cause toxicity by accumulating in different ecological sections. These particles can be ingested by a wide range of organisms, including species living in water, birds, and terrestrial animals, negatively affecting ecosystem functioning. Ecological risks associated with microplastics include disruption of food webs, altered nutrient cycling, and potential long-term effects on population dynamics and ecosystem stability. The accumulation of microplastics and associated toxicants in organisms can have cascading effects on higher trophic levels and ultimately affect entire ecosystems. However, biomarker studies have revealed the potential for bioaccumulating microplastics and related chemical pollutants throughout the food chain. With the analysis of biomarkers, the uptake and accumulation of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract, tissues, and organs of organisms can be determined. Biomarkers help assess the impact of pollutants on individual organisms and provide insight into potential risks to entire ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective mitigation strategies, environmental monitoring programs, and regulatory measures to minimize the harmful effects of microplastics on ecosystems and human health. This study specifies the toxicity effects of microplastic detection on living organisms in the receiving environment through biomarker-based monitoring studies and also emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach.
Synergistic effects of microbes and plant for remediation of chromium contaminated soil
Ravisankar V. Rita Evelyne Joshua Rajkumar D. , Pages:1-8

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005318
Paper Topic:
Soil and groundwater contamination and remediation

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Abstract
The contamination of soil is a serious issue to the environment caused by the human activities in the form of improper disposal methods. There are several contaminated dumpsites in India where, hazardous and other wastes contains heavy metal were dumped historically, which subsequently results in the contamination of soil, surface and subsurface water, and land. One of such heavy metal pollutant is Chromium. There are many conventional methods available for reclaiming soil and water which are contaminated by chromium and other heavy metals. However the biological or bioremediation technique is the most widely used method for in-situ application.In this experimental study, the synergistic action between the plants and bacteria for effective remediation of chromium contaminated site was studied. This study aims to address the capability of reduction of chromium (VI) by bacterial strain and to assess the synergistic linkage between the plants and the microbes. Under laboratory conditions, the bacteria that was isolated from the chromium-contaminated soil was able to withstand upto 500 mg/L of Cr (VI). By, 16S rRNA method, Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacterium was identified. The SDS PAGE analysis showed that the reductase enzyme was expressed during the chromium remediation process by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The synergistic action between plants the selected plants like Napier grass, Cotton, Sorghum, Nerium and Jatropha and the identified Staphylococcus saprophyticus was studied. The research shown that the synergistic effects raise the chromium accumulation and enhance the plant biomass, root length, and shoot length. The higher accumulation was found in the roots than leaves. The accumulation was found to be in the order of Napier grass (229.955 mg/kg) > Cotton (179.98 mg/kg) > Nerium (116.353 mg/kg) > Jatropha (84.735 mg/kg) > Sorghum (61.71 mg/kg) in control plants. The combination of Napier grass and Staphylococcus saprophyticus shows the best combination for chromium reduction. In view of this the synergistic action of plants and bacteria helps in accumulation of higher concentration of chromium without causing any toxic effects to the plant. Apparently it enhances the efficiency of bioremediation process and can be successfully applied for the reclamation of chromium contaminated sites.
Efficiency of Food Waste Activated Carbon in Treating Biodiesel Plant Effluent: Impact on Process Conditions and NaOH Recovery
Santhosh A and Dawn S S, Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005434
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Abstract
In work illustrated, the mixed food reject was carbonized and further activated with zinc chloride for biodiesel washwater treatment experiments. Biodiesel washwater is one of the significant side streams generated during biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The food waste activated carbon (FWAC) and commercial activated carbon (CAC) were analyzed for structural and surface morphology using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Filed emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM) and IR-Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption experiments were performed at 10 to 50 minutes with an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 to 0.5 in 100 mL of biodiesel wash water. pH, Turbidity and Total dissolved solid of biodiesel plant effluent before and after adsorption experiments were determined. Food waste-activated carbon used for the study reduced the effluent pH from 11.5 to 7, Turbidity from 435 NTU to 1 NTU and TDS from 1140 mg/L to 145 mg/L. The feasibility of NaOH recovery from biodiesel wash water was also studied.
Improving heavy metal removal efficiency from steel sludge: Application of the coupled ultrasonic-bioleaching treatment
Hosseinzadeh M. Mafigholami R. Rajabzadeh Ghatromi E. , Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005417
Paper Topic:
Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Abstract
This study assessed the efficiency of Fe, Al, Ni and Sr removal from the steel sludge using the coupled bioleaching with Thiobacillus thiooxidans and ultrasonic waves. Growth conditions were optimized using the surface response method. The bacterium was adapted successively to three heavy metal-containing solutions with different concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg/ml. Samples were exposed to ultrasonic waves at frequencies of 30, 60 and 90 kHz and durations of 20, 30 and 40 min for two weeks. The highest Fe removal efficiency of 98.45% was obtained using the T. thiooxidation, wave frequency of 30 kHz for 40 min, and pulp density of 100 mg/ml. The maximum removal efficiency was found to be 99.74% for Al under a wave frequency of 90 kHz for 20 min and a pulp density of 300 mg/ml, approximately 100% for Ni under a wave frequency of 30 kHz for 20 min and a pulp density of 300 mg/ml, and 98.45% for Sr under a wave frequency of 90 kHz for 20 min and a pulp density of 300 mg/mL. Results showed that the removal efficiency of Ni and Al bioleaching improved significantly (P <0.05) under the ultrasonic irradiation while the removal efficiency of Fe and Sr remained statistically unchanged (P> 0.05) with and without the application of ultrasonic waves.

Climate change and air pollution

Harvesting of Dunaliella salina using electrocoagulation with helix electrode and producing HHO gas as promising Hydrogen fuel
Purwono, H. Hadiyanto, Budihardjo M A, Pages:1-6

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005289
Paper Topic:
Environmental data analysis and modelling

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Abstract
Biofuels obtained from renewable sources are the only alternative in the global economy from a sustainable point of view. Microalgae have shown tremendous potential as a major source of biomass production that can be used as biofuels. At the same time, gas hydrogen is a non-polluting energy source because it is produced from renewable sources. This study aims to analyze the harvesting efficiency of Dunaliella salina using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode and having HHO gas as hydrogen fuel. D salina harvesting using an EC reactor made of acrylic is done on a batch scale. Helix-shaped type 304 stainless steel is the cathode, and solid cylindrically-shaped Fe is the anode. The voltage set is 20 Volts, while the electrolysis time is varied between 1. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25 and 30 minutes. The harvesting efficiency of D salina using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode was the highest at 84.74%. The highest concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas was 1.753 ppm. The highest volume of HHO gas was 1978 mL resulting from a 30-minute electrocoagulation with a helix electrode, 20-volt voltage. Nanoscale glovaries are formed on the electrode through heterogeneous nucleation at the solid-liquid interface. After nucleation, the nanobubbles grow, and the buoyancy forces of the growing bubbles cause gas release from the cathode surface. This process continues until it causes many bubbles to produce 1978 mL HHO gas for 30 minutes. During the study, the convex HHO gas formed helped remove coagulated D salina floc through electro-flotation. When the time of D salina harvesting using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode significantly affects D salina harvesting efficiency, gas HHO volume, pH, and temperature, harvesting time has no significant effect on dissolved hydrogen gas concentration and ORP.
Air Pollution Monitoring Approach using Atomic Orbital Search Algorithm with Deep Learning Driven
Saravanan R Godwin Ponsam J Sathiya V Saranya G, Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005373
Paper Topic:
Air Quality

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Abstract
Air pollution is a major reason for health-related issues and weather changes, one of humanity's most dangerous problems. It is the most crucial environmental issue in the 21st century and has attracted global attention. These challenges are exacerbated by an overabundance of automobiles, industrial output pollution, transportation fuel consumption, and energy generation. Therefore, air pollution prediction was developed vital. Air pollution monitoring is the procedure of analyzing and measuring the air quality in a certain place to develop the levels of several pollutants and contaminants present. Monitoring air pollution is vital to understand its sources, and effects on the environment and human health, and for executing methods for mitigating its effects. Deep learning (DL) approaches are employed for air pollution predicting methods. Therefore, this study develops an Atomic Orbital Search Algorithm with a Deep Learning-Driven Air Pollution Monitoring (AOSADL-APM) approach. The purpose of the AOSADL-APM technique is to predict and classify the presence of air pollutants. In the presented AOSADL-APM technique, the min-max normalization approach is applied for data pre-processing. For air pollution prediction and classification, the AOSADL-APM technique applies deep long short-term memory (DLSTM) methodology. To enhance the performance of the AOSADL-APM technique, the AOSA-based hyperparameter tuning has been developed. The simulation results of the AOSADL-APM technique were tested using the benchmark dataset. The widespread outcome analyzed the greater solution of the AOSADL-APM algorithm compared to existing approaches.
A Critical probation for potentiality of bio-fuel with exquisite concoction of natural anti-oxidant additive in engines for pollutants reduction
Sithivinayagam N. Anandavelu K., Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005491
Paper Topic:
Air Quality

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Abstract
Considering the present global fuel scenario, it becomes highly inevitable to opt for biofuel. Yet the use of biodiesel had increased pollutants which are emitted to the atmosphere such as Carbon monoxide, Unburnt Hydrocarbon, Nitrogen oxides and Smoke density in the combustion products. For this analysis, a novel and naturally obtainable antioxidant (Coffea Arabica antioxidant) has been experimented. With POME20 (20% palm oil Methyl ester and 80% diesel fuel), a proportion yielding favorable results based on several studies, Coffea Arabica antioxidant additive was infused in different proportions (ppm’s) to obtain the test blends. The thus derived blends PSBC500, PSBC1000, PSBC1500 and PSBC2000 in addition to plain DF and POME20 were used in diesel engine that is of the type, single cylinder DI water cooled TV-1 Kirloskar, under different load conditions. The test results showed improved BSFC and BTE for Coffea Arabica antioxidant infused blends. The atmospheric pollutants emitted from the engine such as CO, UHBC, NOx and SD were reduced considerably for the antioxidant additive infused POME20 blends simultaneously not creating any adverse impact in the performance of the engine. Among the test blends, PSBC 2000 was found performing with the closer tolerating characters as the plain diesel fuel.
Smooth nickel - a suitable anodic material in new alkaline fuel cells sulphite/oxygen
Mihaela Alexandra LĂBOȘEL Andreea-Floriana ENACHE George-Daniel DIMA Mircea Laurențiu DAN Nicolae VASZILCSIN, Pages:1-6

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005374
Paper Topic:
Sustainable Energy

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Issue 1
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Abstract
The anodic oxidation of sulphite ions was studied by voltammetric techniques on a nickel electrode in alkaline solution at various concentration of sulphite and polarization rate. The kinetic parameters of the electrode process have been determined using Tafel plots method and a mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation reaction of sulphite has been proposed. Current density, potential range of sulphite electro-oxidation and transformation degree of sulphite ions in the test solutions have been obtained by chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry. The sulphite oxidation mechanism on nickel electrode has been sustained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Trace Metals Pollution in Ambient Air of Urban and Rural Coastal Environments
Huboyo HS Isworo S Oetari PS Ramadan BS Manullang OR , Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005174
Paper Topic:
Environmental data analysis and modelling

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Abstract
Air pollution in coastal areas will have a different pattern from mountainous areas due to different wind patterns during the day and night. The city of Semarang, as a representation of urban areas, and Jepara Regency, as a representation of the rural regions, were chosen for this sampling. 24-h fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected within 3 months of sampling. In this study, seven metal elements derived from this PM2.5 were quantified using ICP MS. The analytical method used is a descriptive analysis of the obtained metal element data, enrichment factor (EF), Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) modeling and sources pollutant estimation. The results of the study showed that the stannum (Sn) metal was found in almost all study locations. Sn, K, and Fe are the dominant metals found in urban areas, whereas, in rural areas, only the Sn metal is quite abundant. Nevertheless, the results of EF calculations show that the most significant enrichment in both villages and cities is Sn. Allegedly, this enrichment occurred because of dense activity in the transportation sector and metal industry in urban areas, which brought metals to three villages in Jepara Regency. This research can be used as the main reference in determining health risks associated with metal pollution in atmospheric particulate matter.
A new method of nowcasting wildfires and impacts: a case study for the USA
Panayiotis Κ. Varotsos, Maria N. Efstathiou, Pages:1-5

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005450
Paper Topic:
Ecology, environmental change and management

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Issue 1
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the intensity and frequency of wildfires worldwide mainly due to the escalating climate crisis and land-use change. Wildfires result in a decline in air quality and cause damage to property, crops, resources, wildlife, and human lives. Since models predict that the number of wildfires will rise by 50% by 2100 the reduction of the wildfire risk is more crucial than ever. We herewith attempt to develop a simple model for nowcasting such catastrophic events that may be useful for preparing authorities and policymakers. As an example, the case of the USA is presented by analyzing the count of wildfires and acres burned there over the past four decades to forecast such catastrophic events over the next ten years. The approach employed in this research can serve as an additional resource in the field of environment and fire ecology, aiding in identifying fire-adapted ecosystems and fire patterns.
Research on Performance Assessment of High Quality Development in Urban Green and Low Carbon Transformation
Yannan Luo Yu Zhang Xiuyan Han, Pages:1-14

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005356
Paper Topic:
Ecological effects of Environmental change

Issue:
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Abstract
In order to study the effective methods of green and low-carbon transformation in Chinese cities, this paper takes Rizhao City, Shandong Province, China, as the object of study. Based on the analysis of the research background and the literature review, and taking into account the characteristics of Rizhao City, the following five categories with a total of 25 indicators were selected to construct the assessment indicator system: the environmental quality of green and low-carbon transformation, the quality of the planning and construction of green and low-carbon transformation, the quality of the life and work in the green and low-carbon transformation, the quality of the process of the green transformation empowering the development of high-quality, and the quality of the results of the green transformation empowering high-quality development. Based on this, the two-level fuzzy comprehensive assessment model is reconstructed, and the relevant statistical data provided by the government is used to comprehensively assess the high-quality development performance of the green transformation and empowerment cities in Rizhao City from 2012 to 2022. It is found that the performance of high-quality development empowered by green transformation in Rizhao City, China, has shown a continuous upward trend, having risen from Level Ⅳ in 2012, to Level II by 2022, and remained at Level II during 2018-2022, with its assessment results and showing an upward trend. Finally, based on the specific research results, the policy suggestions to improve the high-quality development performance of cities empowered by the green and low-carbon transformation of Rizhao City, China are discussed.
Spatiotemporal evolution pattern of carbon emission performance in Asian countries
Na Liu, Pages:1-10

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005445
Paper Topic:
Climate change mitigation and adaptation

Issue:
Issue 1
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Abstract
Due to extensive energy consumption and industrial production activities, Asian countries have become the largest sources of global carbon emissions, with emerging economies like China and India contributing significantly. Against the backdrop of increasing global climate change, carbon emissions have emerged as a focal concern within the international community. To mitigate these emissions, enhancing carbon performance is identified as a crucial endeavor. This study employs the Super-efficiency Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model to comprehensively evaluate the carbon performance of major Asian countries and delves into its influencing factors through factor analysis. Additionally, we utilize geographical methodologies to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of carbon performance in these countries. Preliminary results indicate that spatial centroid has gradually shifted towards the northeast, which could potentially reflect a geographic concentration change in some form of economic or industrial activity. Moreover, the elliptical parameters for carbon emission efficiency did not exhibit any discernible trend, maintaining a relatively stable overall pattern and distribution. The findings of this study hold significant implications for understanding the spatial heterogeneity and dynamic characteristics of carbon emission efficiency in Asia, and offer valuable insights for future policy-making.

Circular economy

Effect of coconut shell ash as an additive on the properties of green concrete
S.Shanmuga Priya I. Padmanaban , Pages:1-9

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005413
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 1
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Abstract
Concrete is the broadly adopted composite material in the construction arena. The growing need for cost-effective housing is resulting in the depletion of environmental resources such as river sand and gravel, which are essential components in the manufacture of concrete. However, the manufacturing of cement has been proven to have a negative impact on the environment because it contributes to the carbon footprint. The resolution of these environmental issues can be achieved through the implementation of sustainable solutions. This article explores the potential application of coconut shell ash as a substitute for cement in green concrete. Coconut shells (CS) are inevitable by-products derived from the agricultural sector. Coconut shell ash (CSA) was obtained through the combustion of coconut shells. The CSA is substituted by a range of 0 to 20% by weight of cement with a gradual 2.5% increase. The test findings concluded that 12.5% of CSA mix attained the maximum compressive strength. The durability results were found satisfactory in comparison with the normal concrete. The specimens were exposed to different temperatures (i.e., 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C) for a consistent duration of one hour. The CSA concrete exhibited improved residual strength and weight reduction compared to conventional concrete.
Enhancing Solid Waste Sustainability with Iroko Wooden Sawdust and African Oil Bean Shell Particle-Strengthened Epoxy Composites
Ramamoorthi R. Ramakrishnan T. Karuppasamy R., Pages:1-5

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005467
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 1
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Abstract
Bio-composite materials are gaining traction in various industries as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. This study investigated the impact of fine powders loading on the tensile, transverse, and compressive characteristics of hybrid composites composed of Iroko wooden sawdust and oil bean pod shells. Employing a 1:1 ratio of sawdust and oil bean pod shell particles as fillers, a hybrid composite configuration was formulated. Different reinforcement levels, specifically 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%, were employed. The manufactured composites underwent rigorous ASTM testing, and the results revealed that filler reinforcement significantly influenced the tensile, compressive, and transverse properties of the composite material. While the percentage of elongation at fracture increased up to 40% before reaching a decline, the tensile strength, transverse rupture strength, transverse modulus, and compressive strength consistently improved until a 50% filler loading. The findings from this study underscore the potential of composite materials incorporating Iroko wood, oil bean pods, and epoxy as effective alternatives to conventional wood-based materials in various applications, thus contributing to sustainable solid waste management.
Effectiveness of corn stalk biochar in amending the contaminated soil attributes and enhancing the sustainable grass growth
Murtaza G. Usman M. Eldin S.M. Valipour M. Rizwan M. Iqbal R. Zulfiqar U. Ali I. Ahmed I. Majeed A. Munir A. Alwahibi M.S. Elshikh M.S. Ditta A., Pages:1-6

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005429
Paper Topic:
Environmental Management and Policies

Issue:
Issue 1
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Abstract
It is important to rapidly amend the hostile rural soil fertility and quality to develop green land verdure. In this research, cornstalk-derived biochar was added (sequence proportions 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 % in the mass ratio) into hostile rural soil and then the grass was grown in the pots. The findings indicated that the biochar addition caused substantial enhancement in soil black carbon, organic carbon total nitrogen, available potassium, and phosphorus by more than 4.6, 1.7 1.6, 0.3, and 4.7 times, correspondingly. Grass dry matters (DM) enhanced proportionally with enhancing the quantity of applied corn stalk biochar (69%) owing to enhancement in plant minerals nutrition. Treatment of biochar highly enhanced the total quantities of the soil's heavy metal contents. However, 36 to 90 % of heavy metal contents in treated soil were concentrated in residual fractions with lower bio-availability. Thus, the accumulation of heavy metal contents in the grass above-ground biomass was greatly decreased through biochar application. Our findings showed that corn stalk-derived biochar could be suggested in hostile rural soil as soil ameliorates at an amount of 50%. Conversely, the environmental hazard due to the heavy metals accumulation in the soil treated by corn stalk biochar should be sensibly considered.
Investigation on Tensile and Flexural Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Using Artificial Neural Network
S.Nagamani, Dr.P.Muthupriya, C.Rajendra Prasad, A.Saradha Devi, Pages:1-6

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005350
Paper Topic:
Solid Waste Management

Issue:
Issue 1
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact that using marble sludge powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete can have. Experiments were conducted to investigate a variety of characteristics of fiber-reinforced concrete using both fresh concrete and concrete that had been allowed to solidify. In order to determine the split tensile and flexural property of FRC, two water binder ratios, such as 0.35 and 0.40, as well as percentage re-placements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of marble sludge powder and 0.5% of polypropylene 3S fibre were used. After curing for 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, the samples were put through a battery of mechanical tests to evaluate their qualities. The flexural strength and split tensile strength of the material were evaluated over the course of this investigation. In the end, an artificial neural network, also known as an ANN, was utilised in order to create a prediction model for split tensile and flexural strength. We displayed the experimentally obtained Split Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength against the regression analysis strength after 56 days for ANN. This was done so that we could compare the two. According to the findings of the experiments, using powder made from marble waste might lessen the damage that concrete causes to the environment while also providing economic benefits. In this study, dependable mechanical strength was developed by the use of a feed-forward back-propagation neural network, which consisted of eight input neurons, two hidden neurons, and one output neuron. According to the findings, it was discovered that the mechanical properties of concrete might be improved by using dry marble sludge powder as a substitute for up to 15% of the normal aggregate.
Influence of Utilizing Prosopis Juliflora Ash as Cement on Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar and Concrete
Karthikeyan G Leema Margret A Muruganantam R Harshani R, Pages:1-7

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005402
Paper Topic:
Ecology, environmental change and management

Issue:
Issue 1
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Abstract
The infrastructure of the country heavily depends on the construction material concrete. The primary ingredient in conventional concrete is cement, fly ash, or another cementitious substance. The need to explore alternative sources is driven by the challenges posed by global environmental warming, which stems from widespread factors, and the escalating costs associated with the extraction of cement from quarries. To replace cement, sand, and aggregate, numerous research investigations have been conducted. The Prosopis Juliflora Ash (PJA) as an additional cementitious component in cement mortar and concrete are examined in this experimental study. The amount of cement produced in the nation will decrease if Prosopis Juliflora (PJ) ash is used as an additional substitute. It will also encourage the use of sustainable materials for concrete and mortar. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of incorporating PJA as a binding agent on the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of both concrete and cement mortar. In this research, Prosopis Juliflora Ash (commonly known as Seemaikaruvelam) was employed to substitute cement in both cement mortar and concrete, with varying proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%.According to the results of this experiment, 30% of PJA has the requisite strength qualities. This experimental investigation provides valuable insights into the mechanical characteristics of concrete and mortar incorporating PJ ash and emphasizes its potential as a sustainable alternative in the construction industry.

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