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Evaluation of aqueous phase adsorption of Acid Brown on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from Azolla Pinnate seaweed

Hariharan T, Gopi Raghunadh P V S, Sivaramakrishnan S and Lakshmana Phaneendra Maguluri, Pages:1-8

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005560

Paper Topic:

Water and Wastewater Treatment

Issue:

Issue 2

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Abstract

A mesoporous activated carbon was produced from the Azolla Pinnate (AP) seaweed by two-step chemical activation technique using sulphuric acid as activating agent. The adsorption of Acid Brown (AB) from aqueous solutions is examined using the produced carbon (AP). The produced activated carbon renders a homogeneous porous structure, predominantly mesoporous with 686.5 m2/g of BET surface area. The infra-red spectrum revealed AB affinity by multiple functional groups. The point of zero charge and the pH studies evidenced that the surface charge responsible for electronic affinity favours adsorption at higher pH. The SEM and FTIR analysis of AP before and after adsorption of acid brown shows multiple interactions, which is further substantiated by equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic models. Equilibrium adsorption data matched best with Langmuir isotherm model, thus primarily follows chemical interaction. However, physical affinity and heterogeneity of surface and species interaction also do exist nearly equally. Pseudo-second order kinetics provided the best explanation of the adsorption kinetics. The temperature variation studies revealed that acid brown adsorption is endothermic with high surface affinity.

Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: a review of different adsorptive approaches

Sathish Kumar V. Dhivakar M. Nagamani S. Dhanalakshmi A. Leema Margret A. , Pages:1-11

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005300

Paper Topic:

Water and Wastewater Treatment

Issue:

Issue 4 (In progress)

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Abstract

Over the past few decades, pharmaceuticals have contaminated the marine ecosystem. The entry of prescription medications into the environment, their underlying causes and problems, and effective methods for treating such contaminated water are all evaluated in this study. Adsorption is becoming a more popular preferred treatment method because, compared to other post-secondary treatments, it has less strength requirements and is easier to use. Despite being extensively researched as a chemosorptive for prescription medications, industrial activated charcoal is heavily restricted due to its expensive cost. For the purpose of eliminating prescription drugs from water and wastewater, novel unconventional low-cost alternatives were looked into, and adsorbents based solely on clay, biochar, agricultural wastes, industrial wastes, and metal-natural frameworks were discussed in a number of research studies. This second study examines prominent articles that address the problem, covering the continuous fixed-bed process, regeneration capabilities, historical, economic, and practical aspects, as well as adsorption performance in terms of kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics. Chemicals known as pharmaceuticals pollute the environment. This paper discusses the prevalence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, their main causes and effects, and proactive steps to remove them from the contaminated medium. This summary explains how the pollutant is mixed with the aquatic environment, along with its fundamental causes, insinuations, and effective methods for eliminating it. Compared to other therapies, adsorption offers advantages including less strength depletion and easier functioning conditions, making it a promising therapeutic approach.

Pine cone ash stabilization of expansive soils

Abiodun A. A. Farah R. E. Nalbantoglu Z., Pages:1-8

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005378

Paper Topic:

Solid Waste Management

Issue:

Issue 3

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Abstract

The use of appropriate waste materials to stabilize problematic soils, such as expansive soils that are responsible for geotechnical damage, is a common practice in geotechnical engineering. This study presents the use of pulverized ash from the combustion of pine cone (PC) waste as a stabilizing agent to improve the engineering properties of expansive soils. A series of laboratory tests were carried out to examine the effect of different percentages of pine cone ash (PCA) content (3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) on the Atterberg limits, swelling potential (Sp), linear shrinkage, compressibility, and unconfined compressive strength (qu) of naturally occurring swelling soils and the PC ash-treated soils. The results showed that PC ash contents of 5% and 7% contributed to a significant reduction in the swelling and shrinkage potential and an improvement in the coarsest texture, brittleness behavior, compaction properties, and compressive strength of the treated soils. Conversely, PC ash contents below 3% and above 7% showed minimal changes in the index and engineering properties of the PC ash-treated soils. In particular, the PC ash content of 5% resulted in optimal mitigation of the poor properties of the treated soils. The use of pine cone ash as a stabilizing agent represents a suitable and complementary subgrade soil material for expansive soils on which lightweight structures are built.

Climate projection and future rainfall trends analysis in the Nouhao sub-basin in Burkina Faso.

Noba W G., Damiba L., Doumounia A., Zongo I., Zougmore F., Pages:1-10

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005724

Paper Topic:

Climate change mitigation and adaptation

Issue:

Issue 3

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Abstract

Climate change is an indicator of changes happening in the biosphere. Monitoring it, will anticipating actions against the resulting disasters. This study, undertaken in Burkina Faso Nouaho sub basin, gives an overview of rainfall in the near, medium and long terms. It is built on regional climates models which are climates projections from global climate models downscaling. These models are generated basis on scenarios like greenhouse gas emissions and radiative forcing called Regional Concentration Pathways (RCP). The two scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 chosen in this study, have enabled to identify a rainfall regional climate model whose output corrected basis on Nouhao sub-basin observation data, highlight changes in sub-basin future precipitation. Over the three defined normal, i.e. normal 1 (2021-2050), normal 2 (2051-2080) and normal 3 (2071-2100), cumulative annual rainfall mean shows a downward trend under the RCP 4.5 scenario, and an upward trend under the RCP 8.5 scenario. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the RCP 4.5 scenario shows very wet years at the start of normal 1, before giving way to alternating years close to normal rainfall, in normal 2 and 3. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the SPI shows a dominance of dry years in normal 1. In normal 2 and 3, wet and very wet years return to dominate. The spatial dynamics of future rainfall, meanwhile, show a latitudinal shift in annual rainfall totals towards the south-east of the sub-basin under the RCP 4.5 scenario, and towards the north-west under the RCP 8.5 scenario. The climate projection thus highlights possible future changes in precipitation in the sub-basin. Its consideration could form the basis for the implementation of climate change adaptation strategies in the area.

Evaluating Coconut Fiber and Fly Ash Composites for Use in Landfill Retention Layers

Puspita AS. Budihardjo MA. Samadikun BP., Pages:1-7

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.004554

Paper Topic:

Solid Waste Management

Issue:

Issue 4

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Abstract

This study utilized a series of experimental tests, including the Atterberg limit, standard Proctor, permeability, and direct shear tests. Three composites were investigated: 85% fly ash-10% bentonite (V1), 90% fly ash-5% bentonite (V2), and 95% fly ash-0% bentonite (V3). All composites contained 5% coconut fiber. The plasticity index (PI) increased significantly from 19.10% to 22.15%, with a change in bentonite content from 0% to 10%. All composite met the landfill liner plasticity index standards. The permeability values were low and satisfied local criteria, namely 1.052 x 10-5 (V1), 1.260 x 10-5 (V2), and 1.394 x 10-5 (V3). Composite V2 has the best value with a cohesion value of 55 kPa and a shear angle of 22°.Therefore, composite V3 was the most promising composite as an alternative covering material for landfills because it has the lowest atterberg limits results, the lowest OMC, and the results from the direct shear test that meet the criteria even though it is not the best result among the three variations. However, by supporting the OMC value and good plasticity, the V3 composite was chosen. This study is beneficial and valuable in the engineering, selection, and design of materials used for the construction of landfill liners. .

Harvesting of Dunaliella salina using electrocoagulation with helix electrode and producing HHO gas as promising Hydrogen fuel

Purwono, H. Hadiyanto, Budihardjo M A, Pages:1-6

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005289

Paper Topic:

Environmental data analysis and modelling

Issue:

Issue 1

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Abstract

Biofuels obtained from renewable sources are the only alternative in the global economy from a sustainable point of view. Microalgae have shown tremendous potential as a major source of biomass production that can be used as biofuels. At the same time, gas hydrogen is a non-polluting energy source because it is produced from renewable sources. This study aims to analyze the harvesting efficiency of Dunaliella salina using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode and having HHO gas as hydrogen fuel. D salina harvesting using an EC reactor made of acrylic is done on a batch scale. Helix-shaped type 304 stainless steel is the cathode, and solid cylindrically-shaped Fe is the anode. The voltage set is 20 Volts, while the electrolysis time is varied between 1. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25 and 30 minutes. The harvesting efficiency of D salina using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode was the highest at 84.74%. The highest concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas was 1.753 ppm. The highest volume of HHO gas was 1978 mL resulting from a 30-minute electrocoagulation with a helix electrode, 20-volt voltage. Nanoscale glovaries are formed on the electrode through heterogeneous nucleation at the solid-liquid interface. After nucleation, the nanobubbles grow, and the buoyancy forces of the growing bubbles cause gas release from the cathode surface. This process continues until it causes many bubbles to produce 1978 mL HHO gas for 30 minutes. During the study, the convex HHO gas formed helped remove coagulated D salina floc through electro-flotation. When the time of D salina harvesting using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode significantly affects D salina harvesting efficiency, gas HHO volume, pH, and temperature, harvesting time has no significant effect on dissolved hydrogen gas concentration and ORP.

A new method of nowcasting wildfires and impacts: a case study for the USA

Panayiotis Κ. Varotsos, Maria N. Efstathiou, Pages:1-5

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005450

Paper Topic:

Ecology, environmental change and management

Issue:

Issue 1

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Abstract

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the intensity and frequency of wildfires worldwide mainly due to the escalating climate crisis and land-use change. Wildfires result in a decline in air quality and cause damage to property, crops, resources, wildlife, and human lives. Since models predict that the number of wildfires will rise by 50% by 2100 the reduction of the wildfire risk is more crucial than ever. We herewith attempt to develop a simple model for nowcasting such catastrophic events that may be useful for preparing authorities and policymakers. As an example, the case of the USA is presented by analyzing the count of wildfires and acres burned there over the past four decades to forecast such catastrophic events over the next ten years. The approach employed in this research can serve as an additional resource in the field of environment and fire ecology, aiding in identifying fire-adapted ecosystems and fire patterns.

Utilization of cement power plant beds for aerated concrete thermal blocks

Bhagavathi Pushpa T and Swaminathan S, Pages:1-10

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005432

Paper Topic:

Water treatment

Issue:

Issue 2

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Abstract

Nowadays cement industry power plant bed wastes can be used to create aerated concrete blocks for widespread usage in the construction sector instead of sand. The optimum materials for building enclosures for a variety of uses include aerated concretes. To enhance the physical and mechanical qualities of Non-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (NAAC) blocks, bed material is introduced in this study as a superior alternative material. The non-autoclaved concrete blocks in this study are made with cement, bed materials, fly ash, gypsum, and a consistent amount of 0.65 grams of aluminium powder. The mix preparation and method employed for manufacturing NAAC blocks, the composition of mix specimens and the dosing and mixing processes have been expounded upon, shedding light on the critical steps in the production. According to the suggested method in IS 2185 (Part III) of 1984, the proportion of bed materials was taken by volume of compacted dry material for NAAC of Size 22cm x 10.5cm x 7cm. Experiments into the NAAC block's compressive strength plus water absorption of the bed materials were followed by comparisons of these characteristics with clay and fly ash bricks sold in the market. As a result, NAAC blocks met the 6 MPa strength criteria specified by Indian Standard code IS2185 (Part III): 1984. However, the strength of the aforementioned NAAC brick at 28 days was 7.28 MPa for Sample T5. A more in-depth presentation of the testing methods, focusing on the compressive strength tests was conducted at various intervals (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). The density values and water absorption rates for each test sample (T1 to T5) are now presented with additional insights into the observed trends. According to the research, blocks manufactured with NAAC bed materials tend to be stronger and lighter than those made with conventional clay bricks. They also produce non-autoclaved concrete blocks. Therefore, the creation of such inexpensive blocks can be employed for extensive production.

Formaldehyde degradation using Biofilter loaded with Compost, Vermiculite and Activated Carbon: Performance and Optimization

Malathi R. Jeyanthi J., Pages:1-9

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005622

Paper Topic:

Air Quality

Issue:

Issue 3

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Abstract

Formaldehyde is one of the typical indoor pollutants causing theprevalence of acute health issues among those residing in indoor environments. Biofiltrationis a commonly adopted technique to treat indoor air pollutants. In this investigation, a biofilter was fabricated and compactly filled with compost, vermiculite and activated carbon (65:25:10) as a media composition for enhanced formaldehyde degradation. The influence of formaldehyde inlet concentration (0.01 – 1 gm-3g/m3) and EBRT (30 – 180 s) was studied to evaluate the biofilter performance. Their progression was assessed with dynamic operations in five phases with two stages each. The formaldehyde removal was achieved between the range of 32% to 98% with regular intervals of EBRT at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 seconds, which depend upon varying their flow rate and inlet loading rate. The biofilter performance lasted for over 202 days with a 98% formaldehyde removal and 23 g/m3h-1biofilter capacity under the maximum EBRT (180 s) and inlet formaldehyde concentration (1 gm-3g/m3). The experimental findings demonstrated the efficacy of biofilter in withstanding substantial formaldehyde loading rate while maintaining an acceptable EBRT. The primary microbe responsible for formaldehyde degradation was identified to be as gram-negative bacteria.

Experimental study of biodegradability of organic waste with industrial waste combined with effluents: a comparison by vermicomposting technology

B. Hemalatha, M.C.Sashikkumar, S.Vivek, S. Ramesh , M.Dinesh, S.Laxmi Priya Babu, V.Priya, Pages:1-12

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.005480

Paper Topic:

Solid Waste Management

Issue:

Issue 3

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Abstract

Vermicomposting is a mesophilic biooxidation and stabilization process of organic materials that involves the joint action of earthworm and microorganism. An experiment was conducted to prepare vermicompost using partially decomposed organic waste such as MSW, fruit waste, vegetable waste and yard waste by employing indigenous earthworm species. This research has been done for reducing the environmental issues, pollution problems due to solid waste and industrial waste i.e., wastewater and sludge by converting it into compost by using earthworms very successfully and economically. Non-toxic and organic industrial wastes could be potential raw material for vermicomposting. In the past few years, vermicomposting has been used for the management of industrial wastes and sludges and to convert them into vermicompost for land restoration practices. The earthworms used were Eudrillus euginea. In this study the industrial sludge and effluent from dairy industry was mixed with organic waste with different ratio. This process was done under the controlled conditions of pH, moisture content and temperature. In this process partially decomposed organic waste were broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure which has a potentially high economic value as soil conditioner for plant growth. The results reveal the increased nutrient content, increased worm population and decreased processing days of the waste in the order of dairy waste with organic waste. The main objectives of this study include to find viable management techniques for organic as well as industrial waste and to make a detailed analysis of the route of stabilization with observations such as temperature, pH, EC, COD, TS, VS, AC and C/N. and to produce good quality biofertilizer fixed by nutritive values.

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Evaluation of aqueous phase adsorption of Acid Brown on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from Azolla Pinnate seaweed

Removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: a review of different adsorptive approaches

Pine cone ash stabilization of expansive soils

Climate projection and future rainfall trends analysis in the Nouhao sub-basin in Burkina Faso.

Evaluating Coconut Fiber and Fly Ash Composites for Use in Landfill Retention Layers

Harvesting of Dunaliella salina using electrocoagulation with helix electrode and producing HHO gas as promising Hydrogen fuel

A new method of nowcasting wildfires and impacts: a case study for the USA

Utilization of cement power plant beds for aerated concrete thermal blocks

Formaldehyde degradation using Biofilter loaded with Compost, Vermiculite and Activated Carbon: Performance and Optimization

Experimental study of biodegradability of organic waste with industrial waste combined with effluents: a comparison by vermicomposting technology

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