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The objective of this study is to summarize studies and investigations about advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used for the treatment of petroleum wastewater, which mainly contained oil, organic matter and other compounds. The big difference was shown in the specification of wastewater among the investigated studies and a wide variety of pollutants at varying concentrations. The most compounds in petroleum wastewater were the mixture of hydrocarbons and inorganic compounds. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have a capability of rapid degradation of recalcitrant pollutants in the aquatic environment. However, the literature regarding petroleum wastewater treatment is very little and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are still not being used on an industrial scale in oil refineries. Most studies were focused on the degradation of some pollutants found in the petroleum wastewater such as sulphides, ammonia, phenols and organic materials. This review focused on works that investigated advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) by monitoring general petroleum wastewater parameters such as TOC, COD, BOD, oil, and phenols. It presented an overview of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in petroleum wastewater and highlighted the basics of these processes including the optimum parameters.

In the present study, four beehive matrices (honey, propolis, pollen and bees), sampled from thirteen apiaries from Northern and Western Greece, were analyzed for the presence of Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca. The proposed method involved microwave digestion with H2O2 and HNO3, dilution with water and direct determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the levels of elements in all apicultural products present the following order: Ca > Mg > Zn ≈ Fe > Mn > Cu. Cr was detected at LOD level (0.3 μg g-1) only in some pollen samples from industrial areas. The most abundant elements determined were Ca (3.42 mg g-1) and Mg (1.5
mg g-1) in pollen and propolis. It was also demonstrated that all detected elements are accumulated at higher concentrations in pollen, propolis and bees and to a much lesser extent in honey. Dependence of the content of Mg in honey and of the content of Zn and Cu in pollen, on the geographical origin of samples was identified.

The objective of this study is to summarize studies and investigations and show a brief details of different technologies used for the treatment of petroleum wastewater. The wastewater from Petroleum industries and refineries mainly contains oil, organic matter and other compounds. The treatment of this wastewater can be carried out by physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. Treatment of petroleum wastewater has two stages, firstly, pre-treatment stage to reduce grease, oil and suspended materials. Secondly, an advanced treatment stage to degrade and decrease the pollutants to acceptable discharge values. Most studies are focused on degradation of some pollutants found in the petroleum wastewater such as organic materials, phenols, sulphides and ammonia.

To evaluate the effects of titanium and bio-fertilizers on some agronomic and physiological properties of triticale grown in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil, a glasshouse experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a 4×4 factorial experiment with four levels of titanium (control, bulk titanium, 0.01%, and 0.02% titanium nano-particles) and four levels of bio-fertilizers (no bio-fertilizer, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and Azorhizobium caulinodans). The Cd contamination increased Cd accumulation in the leaves and seeds and also enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity. Cadmium stress decreased grain yield, 1000-grain weight and chlorophyll. Titanium nano-particle (0.02%) caused the maximum increase in grain yield, 1000-grain weight, leaf Cd, seed Cd, chlorophyll content. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity increased due to titanium application but malondialdehyde (MDA) contented decreased. Although, there was no significant difference between control and bulk titanium treatments in terms of SOD activity. The effect of 0.02% nano-particle in increasing SOD activity was more pronounced than 0.01% treatment. In addition, CAT activity was more affected by titanium nano-particles than bulk titanium. Furthermore, Azorhizobium increased grain yield, 1000-grain weight, leaf Cd, seed Cd and chlorophyll while decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity.