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In this research, capability of adsorption of modified chitosan Nano composites with functionalized mesoporous silica which synthesized by electrospinning method in the removal of direct black ANBN dye has been studied. Silicate mesoporous were functionalized during synthesis process and then the intended Nano fibers were produced by using of electrospinning device. Synthesized Nano fibers were recognized by analyzing the FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM and tension test. The removal of direct black ANBN dye from aqueous solution in a continuous system was done by this adsorbent by studying the effects of some parameters such as type and amount of adsorbent, pH, initial concentration of colored solution and contact time; And at the end finding appropriate isotherms for direct black dye adsorption was done. The result show that simple CTS/SBA-15 have the best removal efficiency in 40 min of contact time, in acidic pH, with 0.05 gr adsorbent and 60 mg/L initial concentration. By examining the adsorption isotherms, it has been clearly defined [that] Removal of this dye follows Freundlich model. In order to compare accurately and evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized sample, the adsorption of Direct Black ANBN was investigated by two different adsorbents: CTS/SBA-15 and Chitosan. According to the results, CTS/SBA-15 Nano fibers have suitable efficiency for removal of direct black ANBN dye.

Municipal solid waste [MSW] has gained prominence in recent years as the rate of its generation has increased significantly. The serious problem of MSW management exists in almost all regions of India. This study aims to generate energy from MSW by selecting a suitable MSWM technology with the help of MSW characterization of Haridwar city. The suitable technique chosen was anaerobic digestion (AD) by physical and chemical characterization of MSW. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) of 96 sub-samples with two different inoculums i.e., livestock dung and anaerobic sludge were used for AD experiments. A total of eight batch-type laboratory-scale anaerobic reactors were used in mesophilic conditions with different subtract-inoculum ratios (1/3, 1/2, 1/1, and 2/1). The S/I ratio of 1/1 was optimum for both inoculums. In this situation, the average cumulative biogas and methane yields for livestock dung were 461 NmL/g OM and 440 NmL/g OM, respectively, compared to 628 NmL/g OM and 474 NmL/g OM for anaerobic sludge. The anaerobic sludge inoculum was found to be better than livestock dung, with cumulative biogas production and methane yield being 3.5% and 4.2% higher, respectively.

This study evaluates the pyrolysis of sewage sludge until 960 °C using heating rates between 3 K/min and 12 K/min in a macro TG/EGA. Mass and energy balances and kinetic parameters are determined. Thermal decomposition is divided into a low temperature zone (until 550 °C to 590 °C), for decomposition of organic matter, and a high temperature zone, for decomposition of inorganic matter and secondary reactions of the residual organic matter. In dry basis at 570 °C solid, liquid and gaseous products amount to 69.2 wt.-%, 29.2 wt.-% and 1.6 wt.-%, respectively. An increment in the final temperature to 960 °C causes a successive decrease of the solid residue to 56.9 wt.-%. The solid product contains more than 80 wt.-% mineral matter with high amounts of valuable elements, such as Ca and P. An energy requirement of 2.18 MJ/kg of dry sewage sludge is calculated for the pyrolysis until 570 °C. At this temperature, 58.5 % of the energy entering the process is concentrated in the liquid product and 40.0 % in the solid. A suitable set of kinetic parameters is determined through a formal independent parallel reactions model with six-pseudo components, using a combination of isoconversional and fitting methods.

In this study, the basic fusion dye was adsorbed from wastewater using turmeric leaf waste biochar and the experimental outcomes were fitted with isotherm and kinetics. Further, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also performed to analyse the concurrent interactive effects of the process variables. Pyrolysis of turmeric leaf waste biomass resulted in biochar yield of 44.65% at temperature of 300 °C. The biochar had moisture content of 4.21%, volatile matter of 45.38%, ash content of 17.74% and fixed carbon of 32.65% respectively. The batch adsorption studies showed maximum dye removal of 87.44 % and 71% at temperature of 35 °C, dosage of 0.3g, time of 60 min, pH of 7 and dye concentration of 50 ppm respectively for biochar and biomass respectively. The experimental data obtained at equilibrium condition fitted well in pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.98 respectively. This study provides base for usage of turmeric leaf-based waste for synthesis of biochar and for effective removal of dye from aqueous environment.