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Dewatered sludge is the main by-product from wastewater treatment and it contains various types of hazardous substances which can cause environmental pollution. The alternative utilization of sludge waste is for covering the landfill or as liner for the landfill. Landfill cover is a critical component to protect the surrounding environment from leachate contamination produced by landfills and it has specific characteristics. This study analyzes the optimum water content, permeability coefficient, and stability of the material consisting of a mixture of dewatered sludge, bentonite, and quicklime. The test results show that the optimum water content in the three composite variables meet the requirements; the highest optimum value was 28%, a mixture with a ratio of 84% sludge, 15% bentonite, and 1% quicklime. The results also show that mixing sewage sludge with bentonite significantly reduces the permeability value with a ratio of 80% sludge, and 20% bentonite produces the lowest permeability coefficient of 1.979 x 10-7 and this has reached the hydraulic conductivity limit of 1 x 10-7. The shear strength and safety factor results test show that V3 had the best results, with a cohesion value of 22.40 kPa, a shear angle of 31.97°, and a safety factor of 5.297. The addition of bentonite tends to reduce the value of the safety factor. This safety factor can reach a high value because of the ratio of the total shear resistance to the working soil shear stress.

The purpose of this research was to comprehensively evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using a novel fuel blend comprising a hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20). The fuel blend consisted of a mixture of 50 ppm of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The engine's performance and emissions were investigated under different load conditions ranging from 0 to 100%. This study involved conducting a series of experiments on an engine to evaluate the engine's efficiency (BTE) and fuel consumption (BSFC). Additionally, emissions in exhaust including NOx, CO, HC, and excess O2 were measured to assess the environmental impact of the hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20). The results obtained from the experimental investigations revealed that the adding of nano Fe2O3 and SiO2 to the JME-Diesel blend improved the engine's performance and reduced emissions. An increase in the proportion of nanoparticles 50 ppm led to a significant improvement in BTE, while simultaneously reducing BSFC. Regarding emissions, the hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20) demonstrated a considerable reduction in CO2, CO, and HC emissions than neat diesel . Notably, the emission reductions were more pronounced as the nanoparticle proportion increased. This indicates the potential of the hybrid nano-emulsified fuel blend to contribute towards environmental sustainability and mitigate the adverse effects of diesel engine emissions. In insinuation, the results demonstrate the promising characteristics of an engine fueled with a hybrid nano-emulsified JME-Diesel blend (B20). The findings suggest that the inclusion of nano Fe2O3 and SiO2 in the fuel blend can enhance engine efficiency while reducing harmful exhaust emissions.

Diesel engines cause major pollutants such as hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). These emissions affect environmental systems and lead to global warming and climatic change effects. These pollutants also affect humans and lead to health problems like lung cancer, breathing problems, and headaches, etc. Hence, some necessary action has to be taken to minimise these pollutants. There are several steps available to control these emissions. The coating of the piston using catalytic material is an effective method and novel approach of reducing emissions in diesel engines with alternate fuel operated diesel engines. The copper-chromium-zirconium alloy (CuCr1Zr) is known for its good thermal conductivity and good catalyst material, and the piston is coated bycopper-chromium-zirconium alloy with 250µm thickness. Tamanu oil was blended with diesel fuel in a 20% (B20) to 40% (B40) ratio and used as an alternate fuel for the coated engine. The results showed a significant reduction in emissions and improvements in performance. In this research, the Taguchi with grey relational analysis (GRA) optimization technique is also used to study the effect of engine operating parameters on the emission level such as load and fuel for copper-chromium-zirconium alloy-coated diesel engine. Based on experimental results found that fuel is the most influential factor for CO and HCexhaust gas emissions reductions for coated type diesel engines.

As the production of biomass waste from agroindustry grows across the world, a large amount of agro-based ashes ends up in polluting land. India produced 405.4 million tones of sugarcane in 2019, with a capacity of 105.4 million tonnes of bagasse and 2.5 million tonnes of SBA. The utilization of such ashes as SCMs contributes to a fixing of issues related to CO2 emissions from cement industry and land pollution in agro-based industry. Although many research has been performed on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and limestone in concrete, research on their combined usage in the concrete is limited. As a result, the current work involves the performance evaluation of a ternary blended concrete incorporating SBA and limestone. The blended concrete's workability properties, compressive strength, water absorption, RCPT, Sorptivity, water permeability and electrical resistivity are examined in this paper. It was observed that a minimum of 10-15% limestone along with 10% SBA was adequate to increase the concrete performance, however exceeding 15 percent had a detrimental impact on concrete properties. In summary, utilization of SBA and limestone powder reduces cement consumption, reduce environmental impact due to SBA and cement, improves the economy, and increases the sustainability of concrete production. It improves the compressive strength and durability properties of ternary blended concrete.