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To discriminate the specific response of ion toxicity versus osmotic stress on altering leaf solute contents, contributing of organic and/or inorganic components in osmotic adjustment and its reflection on plant performances under ionic and osmotic stresses, two cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) cultivars, Giza 90 and Giza 83, were subjected to iso-osmotic concentration (–0.57 and –1.05 MPa) created by; NaCl, KCl and polyethylene glycol-6000. The three used osmotica altered seedling length, chlorophyll, leaf dry weight, relative water content, organic and inorganic solutes and proline. Contribution of organic solutes to osmotic adjustment tittered among the two cultivars, it was higher in PEG˃ KCl˃ NaCl in Giza 83, suggesting that the character of osmotic adjustment via salt attuned to high yield with moderate ion toxicity is effectively achieved by KCl than NaCl. At high-stress intensities, regardless to cultivar, the salt stress-induced nutritional imbalance, leaf chlorosis than osmotic stress that could be attributed to specific ion toxicity, not to osmotic stress of salt. In salt sensible cultivar only NaCl, among different osmotica, reduced leaf K+ content implying that avoidance of Na-induced K+ deficiency in leaf might stimulate salt tolerance in cotton. In our study, the capacity of plants to regulate their metabolic and physiological functions had superiority in water stress tolerance rather than osmotic adjustment.

The part of industrial ecology known as industrial symbiosis engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water and by-products (Dounavis et al. 2015, Dounavis et al. 2016, Ravindran and Jaiswal 2016, Kourmentza et al. 2018, Keskisaari and Kärki 2018, Ayadi et al. 2018). The keys to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity. Industrial symbiosis includes initiatives in which two or more industrial entities develop both beneficial relationships and the circular economy (Chowdhury et al. 2018). Since, the symbiosis encourages the sustainable development and promotes the economy growth (de Jesus et al. 2018). This paper presents an online industrial symbiosis and circular economy platform created by a LIFE project (still ongoing) which aims to demonstrate the usefulness of a digital on-line platform at European level for the cataloguing, use and exploitation of industrial waste produced in a local area in order to improve the overall performance of industrial processes and circular economy in a local level. All this will happen both through the increased use of waste within the area itself and by the less dependence on the disposal of waste to be disposed of, taking into account the reduction of used raw materials and the reduction of waste itself. The platform will be created through the European LIFE M3P Project (Material Match Making Platform for the promotion of the use of industrial waste in local networks) which is still on-going and ends at the end of September 2019.

Dewatered sludge is the main by-product from wastewater treatment and it contains various types of hazardous substances which can cause environmental pollution. The alternative utilization of sludge waste is for covering the landfill or as liner for the landfill. Landfill cover is a critical component to protect the surrounding environment from leachate contamination produced by landfills and it has specific characteristics. This study analyzes the optimum water content, permeability coefficient, and stability of the material consisting of a mixture of dewatered sludge, bentonite, and quicklime. The test results show that the optimum water content in the three composite variables meet the requirements; the highest optimum value was 28%, a mixture with a ratio of 84% sludge, 15% bentonite, and 1% quicklime. The results also show that mixing sewage sludge with bentonite significantly reduces the permeability value with a ratio of 80% sludge, and 20% bentonite produces the lowest permeability coefficient of 1.979 x 10-7 and this has reached the hydraulic conductivity limit of 1 x 10-7. The shear strength and safety factor results test show that V3 had the best results, with a cohesion value of 22.40 kPa, a shear angle of 31.97°, and a safety factor of 5.297. The addition of bentonite tends to reduce the value of the safety factor. This safety factor can reach a high value because of the ratio of the total shear resistance to the working soil shear stress.

Diesel engines cause major pollutants such as hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). These emissions affect environmental systems and lead to global warming and climatic change effects. These pollutants also affect humans and lead to health problems like lung cancer, breathing problems, and headaches, etc. Hence, some necessary action has to be taken to minimise these pollutants. There are several steps available to control these emissions. The coating of the piston using catalytic material is an effective method and novel approach of reducing emissions in diesel engines with alternate fuel operated diesel engines. The copper-chromium-zirconium alloy (CuCr1Zr) is known for its good thermal conductivity and good catalyst material, and the piston is coated bycopper-chromium-zirconium alloy with 250µm thickness. Tamanu oil was blended with diesel fuel in a 20% (B20) to 40% (B40) ratio and used as an alternate fuel for the coated engine. The results showed a significant reduction in emissions and improvements in performance. In this research, the Taguchi with grey relational analysis (GRA) optimization technique is also used to study the effect of engine operating parameters on the emission level such as load and fuel for copper-chromium-zirconium alloy-coated diesel engine. Based on experimental results found that fuel is the most influential factor for CO and HCexhaust gas emissions reductions for coated type diesel engines.