Chlorination of drinking water leads to the formation of a variety of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) that may have adverse health effects on humans. Research on this subject has been continued and new epidemiological and toxicological studies have been conducted. This review summarizes factors...

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are highly complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with carbon-chain lengths from C10-C13 and chlorine content between 49 and 70%. They are produced by chlorination of n-alkanes and do not occur naturally. Because of their physical properties...

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are being used increasingly to predict water variables. This study offers an alternative approach to quantify the relationship between time of chlorination in potable water (due to convectional treatment procedure) and chlorination by-products concentration...

Particulate matter measurements were performed at the Akrotiri research station on the island of Crete (Greece) using an 8-stages Andersen non-viable impactor. The main purpose of the current work was to measure the ambient levels of PM10 particulate matter as well as the concentrations of metals...

Trihalomethanes are a major class of chlorination by-products in drinking water. They are formed when chlorine reacts with bromide (Br-) and natural organic matter (NOM) in source waters. Toxicology studies have shown all THMs to be carcinogenic or to cause adverse reproductive or developmental...

Laboratory-scale experiments were performed in order to examine the effect of microwave field on the effectiveness of KPEG method (nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atoms in a molecule of PCBs by alkaline polyethylene glycol PEG) in the removal of PCBs from highly contaminated mineral oils...

Chlorine was accepted as an effective disinfectant for drinking water in early 1900s. Because of chlorination, chlorine has dramatically reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases. An unwanted side effect is the formation of harmful by-products upon chlorination. The most significant group of...

The objective of this pilot-study is to evaluate the Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) performance for the removal of specific disinfection by-products (DBPs), trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), from Athens drinking water. For this purpose, a GAC pilot filter-adsorber was operated in...

Atrazine, a chlorinated s-triazine group of herbicide is one of the most widely used pesticides in the World. Due to its extensive use, long half-life and various toxic properties, it has very high environmental significance. Up to 22 mg l-1 of atrazine was found in ground water whereas permissible...

Combustion of poor quality coals is used today worldwide for energy production. The removal of polluting compounds, i.e. S, N, Hg and Cl from them prior to combustion is important not only for improving the coal quality, but also for meeting the strict environmental standards. Thus, a preventive...

Since discovery of harmful disinfection by products (DBPs) like trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in chlorinated waters the removal of organic DBPs precursors gained priority in drinking water treatment. Historically, coagulation process was arranged to remove turbidity, typically...

Chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when water is chlorinated and the organic matter in the water reacts with chlorine to form these by-products. There have been concerns about the potential health effects of these by-products, including cancer and reproductive effects. Here we...

Chlorination has been the most widely used technology for the disinfection of drinking water around the world. The main purpose for the disinfection of drinking water is to protect it against microbial contamination in the distribution systems and to prevent or at least control re-growth of...

The formation of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in drinking water results from the reaction of chlorine or other disinfectants added to the water with naturally occurring organic materials, and has raised concerns during the last decades because these compounds are harmful for human health. During...

The occurrence of THMs and HAAs, and other volatile organics in Istanbul (Turkey) and Salerno (Italy) surface water resources was investigated by the previous and present data obtained on raw, coagulated, pre-chlorinated, pre-ozonated water samples. The present drinking water directives/regulations...

Chloroform and other bromochlorotrihalomethanes were first identified as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated water in 1970s. Since then, many other DBPs have been identified such as haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes, cyanogen halides, aldehydes, ketoacids, chlorite, bromate and other...

The goal of this paper is an investigation into the influence of disinfection with ozone, chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on the aldehydes formation. Three types of waters were treated with different doses of these disinfectants. The results obtained indicate that the level of carbonyls...

This paper discusses current issues with drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), which include emerging (unregulated) DBPs that can be formed at greater levels with alternative disinfectants (as compared to chlorine) and routes of human exposure (which include inhalation and dermal exposure...

MX (3-Chloro-4-(Dichloromethyl)-5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-Furanone) and NDMA (N,N-dimethyl-Nnitrosoamine) are disinfection by-products, which are formed during NOM’s and other water containing precursors reaction with chlorine. Both, due to their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic properties were placed on...

(NMEA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) are highly mutagenic compounds that are suspected of carcinogenic activity to the human body. The aim of the paper is the evaluation of the possibility of N-nitrosomethylethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine formation as a result of the reaction of...

Speciation behavior of trihalomethanes formation in chlorinated waters due to the effects of bromide is mathematically modeled by a three-tier scheme. Equations for the mole fractions of the mono-, di-, and trihalo-intermediates at each tier level in terms of the initial bromide to chlorine molar...

Photocatalysis by titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a water treatment method. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a microorganism resistant to chlorine and UV-C irradiation. TiO2 photocatalytic technology can destroy bacteria, which are resistant to oxidative destruction of cell membrane caused by sole UV...