Volume 22 - 2020

The long-term forecasting of the energy demand is an important issue of an area’s sustainable development, especially for mega cities such as Beijing. Beijing is changing its energy supply strategy to depend on energy imports from other provinces due to the city’s long-term low carbon sustainable development plan. Beijing has promised that it will reach the peak value of energy consumption by 2050 and the peak value of the carbon emissions by 2030. To understand whether this can be achieved, this study built an energy demand simulation model using the LEAP with different development scenarios. The results show that, the peak value of Beijing’s energy demand is between 108.25 and 131.74 Mtce during the period of 2044 to 2048, while the peak value of carbon emissions is between 134 and 139.38 million tons in 2025. We also find that adjusting the industry structure and improving the tertiary industry’s energy usage efficiency can be efficient ways to reduce energy consumption. These approaches not only reduce the negative influence of the economic development, but also achieve the energy saving and carbon emission reducing requirements. This study provides an interpretation of the implications for the future energy and climate policies of Beijing.

When studying the dynamic monitoring method of forest coverage based on GIS technology, a dynamic monitoring system of forest coverage based on GIS technology was constructed, and forest coverage was dynamically monitored by means of the system. The system constructs attribute database and spatial database through RS data and topographic map, GPS measured data and GIS data, transfers data from the two databases to the quality supervision module for real-time query, early warning and evaluation of decision-making data quality, and transfers data that meets the quality requirements to the method management module and model in the data management module. In the model management module method, the management module uses geometric precise correction method to enhance remote sensing image, classifies and enhances remote sensing image by maximum likelihood method, calculates forest coverage by model management module according to classified remote sensing image on the basis of the method module, transmits the calculation results to the result database, updates the dynamic monitoring results in real time, and monitors them. The result is transmitted to the output module for output. The experimental results show that the average energy consumption for dynamic monitoring of forest cover is 324.09 J, and the monitoring results are consistent with the statistical results of the actual statistical yearbook.

Innate immune system is the first line response against environmental changes in invertebrate. It protects the animal from environmental changes such as temperature change, PH and salinity as well as pathogens such as bacteria and viruses through different biochemical pathways. In fact, the innate immune system relies on different biochemical reactions which are protecting the animal under adverse environmental circumstances. Among all of the environmental factors, temperature is a dangerous abiotic factor which affects organisms on its ecological level through infiltrating it’s the molecular and cellular levels. Invertebrate could survive from a wide range of environmental effects and possesses innate immunity as its defense systems. This review paper aimed at presenting the main innate immune pathways that are activated against the most abiotic environmental changes. We reviewed fundamental aspects of invertebrates’ defense process by focusing on the important innate immune pathways including: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Antimicrobial peptide (AMP), Pro-PO activating system, Melanization Pathway, Lectin Pathway, Apoptosis Pathway, Plasma clotting protein.

Renewable energy has two environmental externalities: one is the positive externality as an alternative to fossil energy consumption; the other is the negative externality with its production process consuming fossil energy. If the domestic renewable energy products export to foreign country with not only generating but importing renewable energy, what the environmental policy of both domestic and foreign governments should be? To this end, this paper establishes a renewable energy trade model of the two countries having only one firm for each other. Under the Cournot competition, the results show: first, if the two governments have no cooperation, the best environmental policy for domestic government would be taxation, but not necessarily the Pigouvian tax; foreign government not only impose on foreign manufacturer equal to pollution marginal damage, but also subsidize it over the marginal revenue of renewable energy; Second, if the two governments cooperate, the joint pollution tax is Pigouvian tax equal to the marginal damage of total pollution emissions, while joint subsidy is higher than the marginal revenue of total renewable energy.