Issue 1

In this study, the basic fusion dye was adsorbed from wastewater using turmeric leaf waste biochar and the experimental outcomes were fitted with isotherm and kinetics. Further, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also performed to analyse the concurrent interactive effects of the process variables. Pyrolysis of turmeric leaf waste biomass resulted in biochar yield of 44.65% at temperature of 300 °C. The biochar had moisture content of 4.21%, volatile matter of 45.38%, ash content of 17.74% and fixed carbon of 32.65% respectively. The batch adsorption studies showed maximum dye removal of 87.44 % and 71% at temperature of 35 °C, dosage of 0.3g, time of 60 min, pH of 7 and dye concentration of 50 ppm respectively for biochar and biomass respectively. The experimental data obtained at equilibrium condition fitted well in pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.98 respectively. This study provides base for usage of turmeric leaf-based waste for synthesis of biochar and for effective removal of dye from aqueous environment.

This research focuses on hydrothermal gasification (HTG) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) studies to produce bio-hydrogen from domestic mixed waste. HTG and HTL studies were studied at temperatures of 300–450°C and 300–400°C, correspondingly, with a catalyst level of 6 wt %. The sol-gel technique was used to make the Bentonite/Nb-TiO2 catalyst. For a solvent-waste proportion of 14 millilitre/gram, an C2H5OH - water proportions of 2:2, and a period of one-hour, maximum H2 output from HTL was 30 wt % (catalyst loads: 4 wt %) and HTG was 40 wt % (catalyst loads: 5 wt %). As C2H5OH acts as half-solvent and ideal solvent to bio-mass capacity it shot up H2 result in the HTG procedure by methanation, gas water shift and improving responses in the organization. The second output of the HTL procedure was bio-oil, which yielded 35 wt % with O/C as well as H/C standards of 1.2 and 1.0, respectively, and an HHV of 42 Mega Joule/kilogram. In the HTL system, mechanistic procedures such depolymerization, hydration, reduction, and hydrolysis generated in a larger proportion of gaseous product. Thermal and the solvent-to-waste proportion is the ideal factors in the H2 synthesis procedure, according to experimental analysis. Energy nexuses from domestic mixed trash are taken over in this research.

The coconut shell-derived biochar was employed in this study to remediate Remazol Black B from aqueous solutions. For efficient dye remediation, preliminary batch investigations focused on adjusting temperature, biochar dosage, initial dye concentration, and pH. The results shown that dosage of biochar had a considerable effect on the potential of dye absorption, with 1 g/L performing well. In addition, the data revealed that a pH of 2.0 was employed to attain equilibrium. Different temperature ranges from 30°C to 45°C were used to explore the influence of temperature, with 35°C being found to be the optimal value. The characteristics of biochar were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and a Scanning Electron Microscope. In addition, the potential of biochar desorption was investigated by varying the solid to liquid ratio for different elutants. Adsorption and kinetic study revealed that the adsorption was favoured by physical adsorption. According to the findings, it was found coconut shell-derived biochar can treat dye-bearing aqueous solutions with a removal efficiency of 69.67%.

Dewatered sludge is the main by-product from wastewater treatment and it contains various types of hazardous substances which can cause environmental pollution. The alternative utilization of sludge waste is for covering the landfill or as liner for the landfill. Landfill cover is a critical component to protect the surrounding environment from leachate contamination produced by landfills and it has specific characteristics. This study analyzes the optimum water content, permeability coefficient, and stability of the material consisting of a mixture of dewatered sludge, bentonite, and quicklime. The test results show that the optimum water content in the three composite variables meet the requirements; the highest optimum value was 28%, a mixture with a ratio of 84% sludge, 15% bentonite, and 1% quicklime. The results also show that mixing sewage sludge with bentonite significantly reduces the permeability value with a ratio of 80% sludge, and 20% bentonite produces the lowest permeability coefficient of 1.979 x 10-7 and this has reached the hydraulic conductivity limit of 1 x 10-7. The shear strength and safety factor results test show that V3 had the best results, with a cohesion value of 22.40 kPa, a shear angle of 31.97°, and a safety factor of 5.297. The addition of bentonite tends to reduce the value of the safety factor. This safety factor can reach a high value because of the ratio of the total shear resistance to the working soil shear stress.

Dinitrobutylphenol is a toxic and resistant pollutant that pollutes the environment by producing toxins and chemical wastewater. Present paper aims to study the efficiency of the magnetic particles of walnut hard shell ash as a cheap and bi-compatible adsorbent for the removable of DNBP from aqueous environments. This study was conducted at laboratory scale and studied the most important parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, concentration of the pollutant and temperature on the efficiency of the process. Walnut hard shell ash was magnetized and its properties were studied using SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET techniques. The fitness of the data was studied using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Results showed that at pH=7, temperature 25°C , 700 mg of adsorbent, within 50 min, the removal efficiency of DNBP with the initial concentration of 20 mg reached 93%. The isotherm studies showed that this process with fitness coefficient of 99% conforms to Langmuir equation and it has higher conformity to maximum adsorption of 142.88 mg/g. Magnetic particles of walnut hard shell ashes as a natural bio-friendly and cheap adsorbent is able to efficiently remove DNBP as a toxic and persistent material from aqueous environments and industrial wastewaters.

An experimental research on production of biodiesel from lipids of chlorella vulgaris has been done through transesterification reaction process. The series of chlorella vulgaris cultures has been carried out and the optimum growth time was determined. The biodiesel synthesis is processed by two steps i.e., isolation of chlorella vulgaris lipids and the synthesis of biodiesel from lipids. The objective of the study was to develop a simultaneous waste water treatment system and the production of renewable energy by utilizing the algal growth. Biofuel batch scale experiments with 10% and 15% dilution of municipal waste water were carried out in this study. The total lipid content of algal biomass ranged from 7.5 to 28.5%. The approximate proportions of chloroform, methanol and water in the upper phase was found to be in the ratio of 3:48:47 by volume and the lower phase mixture proportion was found to be 86:14:1. The concentration of biomass reached a maximum value of 920 mg/L measured in terms of VSS. The nutrient removal, which was achieved to nearly 100% weight of biodiesel yield per biomass of chlorella vulgaris, was 49.7%. The viscosity values and heat of combustion of the biodiesel were 1.14 g/cm3 and 42.50 KJ/g respectively.

Water famine is very cruel. The desalination plant was brought in to alleviate the water shortage. A desalination plant has been set up in many places around the world. In the view of expanding worldwide need of fresh water, the usage of desalination plant becomes more common. There are more than twenty-five thousand desalination plants around the world. Many industries require treated water for production, water treatment, and other functions. Water quality is occasionally insufficient or does not satisfy the quality criteria for manufacturing causes. So, the enterprises utilize desalination systems to purify water for their own usage. It makes the water safe to drink as well as suitable for a variety of industrial applications. The fault occurring in the desalination plant, it slows down the processing the speed and reduce the output rate. In this study, focuses on the faults like not under system control, electrical fault, pump fault, control valve fault, inaccurate signal, old data fault, derived fault and transmitter fault. The proposed artificial neural network with the single and double component fault (ANN S-DCF) is introduced to detect the faults occurring in the desalination plant. The faults are splitted into two catagories and characteristics of each fault are trained in the artificial neural network. The result of this work achieves the best accuracy comparing to the existing techniques of SVR (support vector regression), PCA (principal component analysis) and DPLS (dynamic partial least square) method. This study achieves the accuracy rate of 96%, precision rate of 93% and sensitivity rate of 95% respectively with low complexity and high operational speed.

In order to explore an effective assessment method for the treatment effect of heavy metal pollution in the sediment of Taihu Lake in China, based on the research background analysis and literature review, this paper reconstructs the spatial niche suitability model and applies it to the effect assessment of heavy metal pollution treatment in Taihu Lake sediment. The study found that the pollution degree of heavy metals in Taihu Lake sediment is as follows: North water area, West water area, South water area and East water area. The assessment results of the effect of heavy metal pollution treatment in Taihu Lake sediment by using SNSM are as follows: As > Cd > Hg > Ni > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu. The four heavy metals that pose the greatest threat to the effect of Taihu Lake sediment are As, Cd, Hg and Ni; in particular, As and Cd are carcinogenic heavy metals, which the management authorities should pay special attention to. The research results of this paper are of great significance in supporting the government to formulate relevant policies for treating Taihu Lake and helping the management departments improve the treatment effect of heavy metal pollution in Taihu Lake sediments.

The unique high-altitude environmental factors in the Linzhi region of Tibet have not been fully investigated in terms of their impact on the microbial mechanisms of water ecology, for which we explored the response of activated sludge microorganisms to different hydraulic retention times (HRT) based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUST2 functional prediction. The results showed that different HRT had significant effects on Phylum, Class, Genus, Species and OTU levels, as well as on diversity, richness and evenness (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and AAP99 in the dominant bacterial phylum and genus was significantly influenced by different HRT. In addition, we identified the denitrification reaction as the major pathway in nitrogen metabolism in this study, as well as most of the significantly enriched genera were denitrifying genera as determined by LEfSe analysis. The overall low relative abundance of the nitrifying bacteria genera AOB and NOB may also be an important reason for the poor nitrogen removal. The effect of HRT on the expression of genes of the five functional modules of nitrogen metabolism was inconsistent. In conclusion, the above studies further complement the studies on the effects of plateau-specific environments on the microbial mechanisms of water ecology under different HRT conditions.