Volume 24 - 2022

Industrial wastes represent a huge issue for the environment and precious materials for microbial growth. Utilizing these wastes in different fermentation process decrease the costs of production, materials, energy, and represent an eco-friendly way of waste recycling. Aspergillus niger (ASU49) is promising isolate produce several hydrolytic enzymes as lipases, amylases, cellulases and pectinases. Lipase enzyme was optimized by Box-Behnken experiential design using coconut, jojoba and cooking oil wastes. Extracted crude lipase enzyme and lypholized one were compared and utilizing in biodiesel production. Coconut and jojoba wastes were promising in lipase production and maximum experimental values of lipase enzyme from both wastes were 4.32, 2.33 U/gds (predicted values was 4.29, 2.36 U/gds for jojoba and coconut wastes, respectively) obtained in run number (3) using Oil waste (2, (0) g/l) (A), Waste cooking oil (0, (-1) %) (B), and Temperature (30, (-1) °C) (C). The design was considerable, and efficacious to clear the interaction between factors; R2 values of lipase activity 0.998, 0.999 and adjusted R2 value 0.993, 0.998 for jojoba and coconut wastes, respectively. Extracted crud lipase (81.95% of total FAMEs) was more efficient than lyophilized lipases (56.14% of total FAMEs) in biodiesel production. Different oil wastes represent excellent sheep, nutritional, and effective sources for enzyme production using solid state fermentation especially with high producing microbial isolates and good optimizing designs.

This essay deals with the prospects of supplying humanity with energy in the twenty-first century. The gradual replacement of fossil fuels by green electricity, hydrogen and biofuels is examined in the context of deteriorating climate change and the ongoing depletion of fossil fuels. The production of large amounts of green electricity through the spreading of wind-energy, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, hydroelectric power and high temperature geothermal plants and its storage through the global interconnection of electricity grids, the spreading of pumped hydro energy storage and melting salts plants and the lithium batteries leads certainly to a future world largely but not exclusively electrical. Hydrogen will be a very important energy carrier. The production of blue and green hydrogen, their transport and usage in cars, industry and trains in the near future as well as in ships and airplanes in the distant future is outlined. Biofuels must be inevitably added to the future energy profile of mankind besides green electricity and hydrogen. The modern trend of producing biofuels from residual fatty raw materials, microalgae and agricultural / forest residual raw materials to overcome the competition with foods production for land and water as well as the residual biomass utility for the production of aircraft fuels and bio-chemicals in the near future is also illustrated. Finally, the increasing contribution of biogas / biomethane to the future energy profile has been presented.

The packed bed column study investigated the removal of toxic metal ions (Cr, Pb & Zn) using rice husk coated with iron oxide nanoparticles as an adsorbent material. The chemical fusion process prepared the nanomaterial adsorbent, and iron oxide capping provides stability to the prepared nano adsorbent. The characteristics of prepared nano adsorbents and their stability were examined by SEM/EDX, VSM, XRD, Zeta Potential, TGA & DTA methods. Breakthrough curves confirm the ability to obtain the maximum adsorption under operating conditions of 5, 7.5 & 10 - cm bed heights, 100, 200 & 300 – mg/L of metal ion concentrations and 5, 7.5 & 10 – mL/min of inflow rate of the solutions into the column. The ANOVA & CCD analysis confirms the linearity of actual and predicted values of the amount of adsorption process. Thomas and BDST model studies show the best fit to the regression values for obtaining earlier breakthroughs in the fixed bed column. At the pH of 2.0, the maximum amount of heavy metals adsorption was observed. The maximum desorption rate of the column and adsorbent material was obtained by adding 0.3 N of H2SO4 at 40 minutes average time for all the three metal ions.

Adsorption is an effective and widely technique used for separation many pollutants from wastewater. Pollution of water with color material such as dyes is of environmental concern due to their toxicity and cause carcinogenic effects on human and aquatic life. These dyes are presented into the water bodies from the effluence of several industries such as textile, paints, cosmetics, paper, food, and others causing water pollution. Adsorption technique using low cost adsorbents has gain a lot of attraction of many researchers for years. The purpose of the present study is to investigate for using natural mineral as inexpensive adsorbents for removal of dyes from wastewater. This investigation can be made by reviewing the major topic researches that applying natural mineral material as cheap adsorbents for treating of colored wastewater. A natural materials such as vermiculite, sepiolite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, perlite, diatomite, zeolite, and others, which are categorized as permeable minerals, multilayer minerals and other based on structure properties. These adsorbents can be used as is or changed to enhance adsorption properties.