Global NEST Journal

Recently, weather and climate related extreme occasions circumstances such as droughts, heat waves, bush fires and floods are increasing around the world. South Asian countries, that have the highest annual average number of people physically affected by natural hazards mostly by floods. Most popular flood risk areas are urban areas because there is rapid urbanization infrastructure and uncontrolled development. These are the most common factors that It results in more people being vulnerable to natural hazards floods than ever before. Pakistan is positioned within a hazard-prone region and is exposed to several kinds of natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, droughts and floods but still it lacks proper disaster management policies. Floods in Pakistan bring a great destruction both in urban and rural areas. This paper focuses on some of the key benefits that may be achieved in presence of a proper disaster management framework or policies and also it proposes latest technologies to deal with hazards. This paper also demonstrates a simple concept that may be adopted and implemented immediately, that may help to minimize the impact economically, socially and environmentally.

In shale gas-producing countries, soil, and groundwater contamination due to surface spills associated with hydraulic fracturing operations is one of the most worrying problems that arise, since its elimination is not easy or cheap to carry out, and its effects persist for many years. Thus, this study identifies the environmental and health risks associated with the extraction of unconventional gas. The study was carried out based on the available data obtained from Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) regarding groundwater pollution from spills that have occurred in Weld County where fracking has become a common practice. Data sources related to spills were analyzed. A range of parameters that characterize the quality of the water were investigated to determine the groundwater quality and compared with the international standards to evaluate its suitability for different utilizations. The result showed that the groundwater is not suitable for human consumption nor irrigation purposes. The study shows that there are 33 surface water bodies, 17 wetlands, 23 livestock, and 31 occupied building are threatened with pollution. The study also indicated that about 80 % of cases of spills are due to equipment failures. It can be concluded that the most important cause of surface spills and therefore potential contamination of soil and groundwater is equipment failure. Oil surface spills are the main causes of groundwater contamination, yet the contribution of agricultural activities to the spread of this contamination should not be neglected.

Electrochemical Machiningplayed a vital role in the aircraft, atomic, and healthcare industries via electrochemical machining (ECM). Even with difficult-to-machine materials. ECM has generally preferred to machine Nickel-based alloys compared to other non-conventional and conventional machining tools. During machining with ECM, the Nickel-based alloys discharge toxic nickel hydroxides in sludge, which is very harmful to the environment. Therefore, in this work, investigations have been made to analyze the amount of nickel content discharges into the electrolyte and develop an eco-friendly filtering mechanism for nickel discharges to attain sustainable manufacturing. Bio-degradable coconut shell powder and wood dust powder were used in the filtration setup to filter the sludge. Thus, Eco-Friendly Electrochemical Machining (EECM) was developed and investigated the machining on Monel 400 alloys. Measurements including applied voltage (V), flow rate (U), and electrolyte concentration were commonly used to compare the amount of material removalrate (MRR) and the amount of nickel in the electrolyte before and after filtering. The contour plots were designed to show the impact of cycle boundaries on nickel particle releases and their collaboration. Researchers found that natural environmental debris, including coconut shell powder, wood dust powder, and bagasse, were excellent at filtering out nickel levels from the electrolyte.

In order to solve the problems of poor accuracy and long time-consuming of traditional methods in the assessment of sudden oil spill pollution from ships, this paper takes the navigation area in the South China Sea as the research object and proposes to build the assessment model of ship oil spill pollution. Based on the analysis of the transportation advantages of the South China Sea navigation area, the probability of ship collision and the relationship between the probability of ship oil spill and the ship tonnage are obtained. Based on the probability of ship oil spill in the South China Sea navigation area, the evaluation index system of oil spill pollution in the South China Sea navigation area is constructed to determine the oil spill pollution index and pollution level, and to determine the oil spill pollution level The weight of oil pollution index is used to build the assessment model of sudden oil spill pollution in South China Sea navigation area. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the evaluation model is always maintained at 90% and the evaluation time is short.